Dataset Information

Interacting Environmental Stress Factors Affects Targeted Metabolomic Profiles in Stored Natural Wheat and That Inoculated with F. graminearum.

ABSTRACT: Changes in environmental stress impact on secondary metabolite (SM) production profiles. Few studies have examined targeted SM production patterns in relation to interacting environmental conditions in stored cereals. The objectives were to examine the effect of water activity (a_w; 0.95-0.90) x temperature (10-25 °C) on SM production on naturally contaminated stored wheat and that inoculated with Fusarium graminearum. Samples were analysed using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on (a) total number of known SMs, (b) their concentrations and (c) changes under environmental stress. 24 Fusarium metabolites were quantified. Interestingly, statistical differences (ChisSq., p < 0.001) were observed in the number of SMs produced under different sets of interacting environmental conditions. The dominant metabolites in natural stored grain were deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) followed by a range of enniatins (A, A1, B, B1), apicidin and DON-3-glucoside at 10 °C. Increasing temperature promoted the biosynthesis of other SMs such as aurofusarin, moniliformin, zearalenone (ZEN) and their derivatives. Natural wheat + F. graminearum inoculation resulted in a significant increase in the number of metabolites produced (ChisSq., p < 0.001). For ZEN and its derivatives, more was produced under cooler storage conditions. Fusarin C was enhanced in contrast to that for the enniatin group. The relative ratios of certain groups of targeted SM changed with environmental stress. Both temperature and a_w affected the amounts of metabolites present, especially of DON and ZEN. This study suggests that the dominant SMs produced in stored temperate cereals are the mycotoxins for which legislation exists. However, there are changes in the ratios of key metabolites which could influence the relative contamination with individual compounds. Thus, in the future, under more extreme environmental stresses, different dominant SMs may be formed which could make present legislation out of step with the future contamination which might occur.

SUBMITTER: Garcia-Cela E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5848157 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Interacting Environmental Stress Factors Affects Targeted Metabolomic Profiles in Stored Natural Wheat and That Inoculated with F. graminearum.

Garcia-Cela Esther E Kiaitsi Elisavet E Medina Angel A Sulyok Michael M Krska Rudolf R Magan Naresh N

Toxins 20180129 2

Changes in environmental stress impact on secondary metabolite (SM) production profiles. Few studies have examined targeted SM production patterns in relation to interacting environmental conditions in stored cereals. The objectives were to examine the effect of water activity (a<sub>w</sub>; 0.95-0.90) x temperature (10-25 °C) on SM production on naturally contaminated stored wheat and that inoculated with <i>Fusarium graminearum.</i> Samples were analysed using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mas ...[more]

PMID: 29382163

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Project description:There is interest in understanding the relationship between naturally contaminated commodities and the potential for the production of different useful and toxic secondary metabolites (SMs). This study examined the impact of interacting abiotic stress parameters of water availability and temperature of stored naturally contaminated maize on the SM production profiles. Thus, the effect of steady-state storage water activity (aw; 0.80-0.95) and temperature (20-35 °C) conditions on SM production patterns in naturally contaminated maize was examined. The samples were analysed using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to evaluate (a) the total number of known SMs, (b) their concentrations, and (c) changes under two-way interacting environmental stress conditions. A total of 151 metabolites were quantified. These included those produced by species of the Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera and other unspecified ones by other fungi or bacteria. There were significant differences in the numbers of SMs produced under different sets of interacting environmental conditions. The highest total number of SMs (80+) were present in maize stored at 20-25 °C and 0.95 aw. In addition, there was a gradation of SM production with the least number of SMs (20-30) produced under the driest conditions of 0.80 aw at 20-30 °C. The only exception was at 35 °C, where different production patterns occurred. There were a total of 38 Aspergillus-related SMs, with most detected at >0.85 aw, regardless of the temperature in the 50-500 ng/g range. For Fusarium-related SMs, the pattern was different, with approx. 10-12 SMs detected under all aw × temperature conditions with >50% produced at 500 ng/g. A total of 40-45 Penicillium-related SMs (50-500 ng/g) were detected in the stored maize but predominantly at 20-25 °C and 0.95 aw. Fewer numbers of SMs were found under marginal interacting abiotic stress storage conditions in naturally contaminated maize. There were approx. eight other known fungal SM present, predominantly in low concentrations (<50 ng/g), regardless of interacting abiotic conditions. Other unspecified SMs present consisted of <20 in low concentrations. The effect of interacting abiotic stress factors for the production of different suites of SMs to take account of the different ecological niches of fungal genera may be beneficial for identifying biotechnologically useful SMs.

Project description:BackgroundChitosan has shown potential for the control of Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease caused by Fusarium graminearum. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of chitosan hydrochloride applied pre- or post-fungal inoculation on FHB and to better understand its' mode of action via an untargeted metabolomics study.ResultsChitosan inhibited fungal growth in vitro and, when sprayed on the susceptible wheat cultivar Remus 24 hours pre-inoculation with F. graminearum, it significantly reduced the number of infected spikelets at 7, 14 and 21 days post-inoculation. Chitosan pre-treatment also increased the average grain weight per head, the number of grains per head and the 1000-grain weight compared to the controls sprayed with water. No significant impact of chitosan on grain yield was observed when the plants were sprayed 24 hours post-inoculation with F. graminearum, even if it did result in a reduced number of infected spikelets at every time point. An untargeted metabolomic study using UHPLC-QTOF-MS on wheat spikes revealed that spraying the spikes with both chitosan and F. graminearum activated known FHB resistance pathways (e.g. jasmonic acid). Additionally, more metabolites were up- or down-regulated when both chitosan and F. graminearum spores were sprayed on the spikes (117), as compared with chitosan (51) or F. graminearum on their own (32). This included a terpene, a terpenoid and a liminoid previously associated with FHB resistance.ConclusionsIn this study we showed that chitosan hydrochloride inhibited the spore germination and hyphal development of F. graminearum in vitro, triggered wheat resistance against infection by F. graminearum when used as a pre-inoculant, and highlighted metabolites and pathways commonly and differentially affected by chitosan, the pathogen and both agents. This study provides insights into how chitosan might provide protection or stimulate wheat resistance to infection by F. graminearum. It also unveiled new putatively identified metabolites that had not been listed in previous FHB or chitosan-related metabolomic studies.

Dataset Information

Interacting Environmental Stress Factors Affects Targeted Metabolomic Profiles in Stored Natural Wheat and That Inoculated with F. graminearum.

Publications

Interacting Environmental Stress Factors Affects Targeted Metabolomic Profiles in Stored Natural Wheat and That Inoculated with F. graminearum.

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