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Mechanisms of glacial-to-future atmospheric CO₂ effects on plant immunity.

ABSTRACT: The impacts of rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations on plant disease have received increasing attention, but with little consensus emerging on the direct mechanisms by which CO₂ shapes plant immunity. Furthermore, the impact of sub-ambient CO₂ concentrations, which plants have experienced repeatedly over the past 800 000 yr, has been largely overlooked. A combination of gene expression analysis, phenotypic characterisation of mutants and mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling was used to determine development-independent effects of sub-ambient CO₂ (saCO₂ ) and elevated CO₂ (eCO₂ ) on Arabidopsis immunity. Resistance to the necrotrophic Plectosphaerella cucumerina (Pc) was repressed at saCO₂ and enhanced at eCO₂ . This CO₂ -dependent resistance was associated with priming of jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent gene expression and required intact JA biosynthesis and signalling. Resistance to the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) increased at both eCO₂ and saCO₂ . Although eCO₂ primed salicylic acid (SA)-dependent gene expression, mutations affecting SA signalling only partially suppressed Hpa resistance at eCO₂ , suggesting additional mechanisms are involved. Induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) at saCO₂ corresponded to a loss of resistance in glycolate oxidase mutants and increased transcription of the peroxisomal catalase gene CAT2, unveiling a mechanism by which photorespiration-derived ROS determined Hpa resistance at saCO₂ . By separating indirect developmental impacts from direct immunological effects, we uncover distinct mechanisms by which CO₂ shapes plant immunity and discuss their evolutionary significance.

SUBMITTER: Williams A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5873421 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Mechanisms of glacial-to-future atmospheric CO2 effects on plant immunity.

Williams Alex A Pétriacq Pierre P Schwarzenbacher Roland E RE Beerling David J DJ Ton Jurriaan J

The New phytologist 20180209 2

The impacts of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations on plant disease have received increasing attention, but with little consensus emerging on the direct mechanisms by which CO2 shapes plant immunity. Furthermore, the impact of sub-ambient CO2 concentrations, which plants have experienced repeatedly over the past 800 000 yr, has been largely overlooked. A combination of gene expression analysis, phenotypic characterisation of mutants and mass spectrometry-based ...[more]

PMID: 29424932

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Project description:Within the Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment (AGFACE) research program, several facilities were established at different field sites near the towns of Horsham (36.752 S, 142.114 E; 127 m elevation), and Walpeup (35.121 S, 142.005 E; 94 m elevation) in the state of Victoria Australia from 2007 - 2017. These included: TraitFACE, SoilFACE, WalpeupFACE, VegeFACE, and NFACE. These facilities were designed to answer a range of research questions to understand the impacts of elevated CO2 (e[CO2]) on crop physiology and production. To this end, FACE 'rings' (octagons) were built to elevate atmospheric CO2 to 550 µmol/mol expected by 2050. These rings were open structures allowing crops to grow freely, without enclosures. Each side of an octagonal ring was individually controlled by a ring-side controller that injected CO2 over crops as per the control program. Infrared Gas Analysers (IRGAs) placed at ring centres sampled air continuously from 10 cm above the crop canopy, while CO2 was injected at a height 15 cm above the crop canopy. Infrared Gas Analysers (IRGAs) measured atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) during the cropping season and provided feedback to the controller to maintain ring-centre [CO2] at 550 µmol/mol. The [CO2] data were collected from the centre of each FACE ring from 2007 until 2017. The [CO2] within a ring was measured each second using calibrated IRGAs. Wind direction and speed were monitored continuously at 2 m above the soil surface at the centre of each ring. These measurements were also collected at the centres of a couple of ambient experimental areas (control - no rings) using the same IRGA and wind sensors. A wireless ethernet local area network (LAN) and a Visual Basic program were used to monitor and transmit data from the individual rings and control areas for data logging. Data at every 4th second and one-minute average (A_MN_CO2) from each ring were logged to daily files, and only A_MN_CO2 data were combined into a seasonal cumulative file. All data recorded during the IRGA warmup period and due to equipment malfunction were removed from cleaned data files. Only A_MN_CO2 data from the rings are uploaded in the Mendeley Data Repository for this article because these data are principally used by scientists and researchers. Data columns in an individual clean file are labelled with abbreviated column names and each file includes: 1) RING, 2) DATE, 3) TIME, 4) A_MN_CO2, 5) REGULAT, 6) WIND_SPD, 7) WIND_DIR and 8) RING_SEC. A limited amount of data (2007 CO2 data at ring centres from 8 TraitFACE rings) was published previously [1].

Dataset Information

Mechanisms of glacial-to-future atmospheric CO₂ effects on plant immunity.

Publications

Mechanisms of glacial-to-future atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> effects on plant immunity.

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