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Cleaner wrasse indirectly affect the cognitive performance of a damselfish through ectoparasite removal.

ABSTRACT: Cleaning organisms play a fundamental ecological role by removing ectoparasites and infected tissue from client surfaces. We used the well-studied cleaning mutualisms involving the cleaner wrasse, Labroides dimidiatus, to test how client cognition is affected by ectoparasites and whether these effects are mitigated by cleaners. Ambon damselfish (Pomacentrus amboinensis) collected from experimental reef patches without cleaner wrasse performed worse in a visual discrimination test than conspecifics from patches with cleaners. Endoparasite abundance also negatively influenced success in this test. Visual discrimination performance was also impaired in damselfish experimentally infected with gnathiid (Crustacea: Isopoda) ectoparasites. Neither cleaner absence nor gnathiid infection affected performance in spatial recognition or reversal learning tests. Injection with immune-stimulating lipopolysaccharide did not affect visual discrimination performance relative to saline-injected controls, suggesting that cognitive impairments are not due to an innate immune response. Our results highlight the complex, indirect role of cleaning organisms in promoting the health of their clients via ectoparasite removal and emphasize the negative impact of parasites on host's cognitive abilities.

SUBMITTER: Binning SA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5879620 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cleaner wrasse indirectly affect the cognitive performance of a damselfish through ectoparasite removal.

Binning Sandra A SA Roche Dominique G DG Grutter Alexandra S AS Colosio Simona S Sun Derek D Miest Joanna J Bshary Redouan R

Proceedings. Biological sciences 20180301 1874

Cleaning organisms play a fundamental ecological role by removing ectoparasites and infected tissue from client surfaces. We used the well-studied cleaning mutualisms involving the cleaner wrasse, <i>Labroides dimidiatus,</i> to test how client cognition is affected by ectoparasites and whether these effects are mitigated by cleaners. Ambon damselfish (<i>Pomacentrus amboinensis)</i> collected from experimental reef patches without cleaner wrasse performed worse in a visual discrimination test t ...[more]

PMID: 29514969

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Project description:IntroductionAccurate early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is hampered by its long prodromal period and the variable manifestations of its motor symptoms. While olfactory dysfunction can occur before motor-symptom onset and serve as a non-disease-specific diagnostic aid, its underlying causes are incompletely understood.MethodsCorrelation analyses, univariate density estimates, ANOVA and regression evaluated relationships between scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test and those on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test in 1280 Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative subjects placed into five diagnostic categories. Structural equation modeling identified cognitive measures having significant indirect effects on olfactory-function-test scores.ResultsGlobal cognition, verbal learning and memory, attention, delayed-recall, and visuospatial/executive function scores show weak-to-moderate, significant associations with olfactory-function-test scores. Associations are stronger in symptomatic than asymptomatic subjects having mutations in LRRK2, GBA or SNCA. Score distributions are nonuniform across diagnostic categories. Linear regression found that all cognitive measures except attention predicted olfactory-function-test scores. Three structural equation models assessing indirect effects of verbal learning/memory with either global cognition, visuospatial/executive function, or delayed-recall had a good statistical fit to the data. Only verbal learning/memory scores significantly help explain olfactory-function-test scores in all symptomatic diagnostic categories (-0.56 < b < -0.23, 0.001 < P < .005). Visuospatial/executive-function test scores help explain olfactory-function-test scores in both genetic Parkinson's disease diagnostic categories (-0.25 < b < -0.17, 0.032 < P < .033).ConclusionImpaired verbal learning/memory and visuospatial/executive function contributes to lower performance on olfactory function tests in Parkinson's disease. As both of these domains impact decision-making, decision-making in turn may impact olfactory assessment in Parkinson's disease.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Cognitive impairment is an important consequence of stroke and transient ischaemic attack, but its determinants are not fully understood. Simple univariable or multivariable models have not shown clinical utility for predicting cognitive impairment. Cardiovascular risk factors may influence cognition through multiple, direct, and indirect pathways, including effects on prior cognition and stroke severity. Understanding these complex relationships may help clinical teams plan intervention and follow-up strategies. METHODS:We analysed clinical and demographic data from consecutive patients admitted to an acute stroke ward. Cognitive assessment comprised Abbreviated Mental Test and mini-Montreal Cognitive Assessment. We constructed bias-corrected confidence intervals to test indirect effects of cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, vascular disease, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, previous stroke) on cognitive function, mediated through stroke severity and history of dementia, and we assessed moderation effects due to comorbidity. RESULTS:From 594 eligible patients, we included 587 in the final analysis (age range 26-100; 45% female). Our model explained R2?=?62.10% of variance in cognitive test scores. We found evidence for an indirect effect of previous stroke that was associated with increased risk of prevalent dementia and in turn predicted poorer cognitive score (estimate?=?-?0.39; 95% bias-corrected CI, -?0.75 to -?0.13; p?=?0.02). Atrial fibrillation was associated with greater stroke severity and in turn with a poorer cognitive score (estimate?=?-?0.27; 95% bias-corrected CI, -?0.49 to -?0.05; p?=?0.02). Conversely, previous TIA predicted decreased stroke severity and, through that, lesser cognitive impairment (estimate?=?0.38; 95% bias-corrected CI, 0.08 to 0.75; p?=?0.02). Through an association with reduced stroke severity, vascular disease was associated with lesser cognitive impairment, conditional on presence of hypertension and absence of diabetes mellitus (estimate?=?0.36; 95% bias-corrected CI, 0.03 to 0.68; p?=?0.02), although the modelled interaction effects did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS:We have shown that relationships between cardiovascular risk factors and cognition are complex and simple multivariable models may be overly reductionist. Including direct and indirect effects of risk factors, we constructed a model that explained a substantial proportion of variation in cognitive test scores. Models that include multiple paths of influence and interactions could be used to create dementia prognostic tools for use in other healthcare settings.

Dataset Information

Cleaner wrasse indirectly affect the cognitive performance of a damselfish through ectoparasite removal.

Publications

Cleaner wrasse indirectly affect the cognitive performance of a damselfish through ectoparasite removal.

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