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Joint-level energetics differentiate isoinertial from speed-power resistance training-a Bayesian analysis.

ABSTRACT: Background:There is convincing evidence for the benefits of resistance training on vertical jump improvements, but little evidence to guide optimal training prescription. The inability to detect small between modality effects may partially reflect the use of ANOVA statistics. This study represents the results of a sub-study from a larger project investigating the effects of two resistance training methods on load carriage running energetics. Bayesian statistics were used to compare the effectiveness of isoinertial resistance against speed-power training to change countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) height, and joint energetics. Methods:Active adults were randomly allocated to either a six-week isoinertial (n = 16; calf raises, leg press, and lunge), or a speed-power training program (n = 14; countermovement jumps, hopping, with hip flexor training to target pre-swing running energetics). Primary outcome variables included jump height and joint power. Bayesian mixed modelling and Functional Data Analysis were used, where significance was determined by a non-zero crossing of the 95% Bayesian Credible Interval (CrI). Results:The gain in CMJ height after isoinertial training was 1.95 cm (95% CrI [0.85-3.04] cm) greater than the gain after speed-power training, but the gain in SJ height was similar between groups. In the CMJ, isoinertial training produced a larger increase in power absorption at the hip by a mean 0.018% (equivalent to 35 W) (95% CrI [0.007-0.03]), knee by 0.014% (equivalent to 27 W) (95% CrI [0.006-0.02]) and foot by 0.011% (equivalent to 21 W) (95% CrI [0.005-0.02]) compared to speed-power training. Discussion:Short-term isoinertial training improved CMJ height more than speed-power training. The principle adaptive difference between training modalities was at the level of hip, knee and foot power absorption.

SUBMITTER: Liew BXW

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5899884 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Joint-level energetics differentiate isoinertial from speed-power resistance training-a Bayesian analysis.

Liew Bernard X W BXW Drovandi Christopher C CC Clifford Samuel S Keogh Justin W L JWL Morris Susan S Netto Kevin K

PeerJ 20180412

<h4>Background</h4>There is convincing evidence for the benefits of resistance training on vertical jump improvements, but little evidence to guide optimal training prescription. The inability to detect small between modality effects may partially reflect the use of ANOVA statistics. This study represents the results of a sub-study from a larger project investigating the effects of two resistance training methods on load carriage running energetics. Bayesian statistics were used to compare the e ...[more]

PMID: 29666769

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Project description:BackgroundWeightlifting training (WLT) is commonly used to improve strength, power and speed in athletes. However, to date, WLT studies have either not compared training effects against those of other training methods, or been limited by small sample sizes, which are issues that can be resolved by pooling studies in a meta-analysis. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of WLT compared with traditional resistance training (TRT), plyometric training (PLYO) and/or control (CON) on strength, power and speed.MethodsThe systematic review included peer-reviewed articles that employed a WLT intervention, a comparison group (i.e. TRT, PLYO, CON), and a measure of strength, power and/or speed. Means and standard deviations of outcomes were converted to Hedges' g effect sizes using an inverse variance random-effects model to generate a weighted mean effect size (ES).ResultsSixteen studies were included in the analysis, comprising 427 participants. Data indicated that when compared with TRT, WLT resulted in greater improvements in weightlifting load lifted (4 studies, p = 0.02, g = 1.35; 95% CI 0.20-2.51) and countermovement jump (CMJ) height (9 studies, p = 0.00, g = 0.95; 95% CI 0.04-1.87). There was also a large effect in terms of linear sprint speed (4 studies, p = 0.13, g = 1.04; 95% CI - 0.03 to 2.39) and change of direction speed (CODS) (2 studies, p = 0.36, g = 1.21; 95% CI - 1.41 to 3.83); however, this was not significant. Interpretation of these findings should acknowledge the high heterogeneity across the included studies and potential risk of bias. WLT and PLYO resulted in similar improvements in speed, power and strength as demonstrated by negligible to moderate, non-significant effects in favour of WLT for improvements in linear sprint speed (4 studies, p = 0.35, g = 0.20; 95% CI - 0.23 to 0.63), CODS (3 studies, p = 0.52, g = 0.17; 95% CI - 0.35 to 0.68), CMJ (6 studies, p = 0.09, g = 0.31; 95% CI - 0.05 to 0.67), squat jump performance (5 studies, p = 0.08, g = 0.34; 95% CI - 0.04 to 0.73) and strength (4 studies, p = 0.20, g = 0.69; 95% CI - 0.37 to 1.75).ConclusionOverall, these findings support the notion that if the training goal is to improve strength, power and speed, supplementary weightlifting training may be advantageous for athletic development. Whilst WLT and PLYO may result in similar improvements, WLT can elicit additional benefits above that of TRT, resulting in greater improvements in weightlifting and jumping performance.

Project description:BackgroundMale youth soccer players competing at a high level will typically engage in large volumes of soccer training from a young age. However, it is not known whether the high levels of habitual training that these high-performing players are exposed to limit their ability to respond to strength, plyometric or combined training interventions.ObjectiveThe primary aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the specific effects of strength, plyometric and combined training with active controls (standard soccer training) on the strength, power and speed characteristics of high-level, highly trained young male soccer players.MethodsWe performed a literature search across PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus to identify controlled studies that implemented strength, plyometric or combined training in high-level male youth soccer players. Participants were defined as high level or highly trained based on established guidelines related to either competition level or age-related weekly hours spent in soccer training. Studies needed to report at least one outcome of lower body strength, squat jump, countermovement jump, horizontal power, acceleration (0-10 m), speed (15-40 m) or change of direction speed. A meta-analysis was then performed using a random-effects model to determine the magnitude (Hedge's g) of training responses and whether effects differed across modes of training.ResultsFrom an initial return of 5464 papers, n = 34 studies met the inclusion criteria and provided a total sample of n = 1396 high-level male youth soccer players. Strength, plyometric and combined training resulted in improvements in strength, squat and countermovement jump, horizontal power, acceleration, change of direction speed (all p < 0.05; g = 0.73-1.08, moderate) and speed (p < 0.05; g = 0.40-0.59, small). Lower body strength was the only outcome where training mode had a significant effect (p < 0.05), with plyometric training producing small effects (g = 0.27, p < 0.05) compared with moderate effects for strength (g = 1.07, p < 0.05) and combined (g = 0.75, p < 0.05) training. Prediction intervals for overall effects (all training modes combined) showed that the greatest confidence that future training will lead to positive effects was in the squat and countermovement jump, horizontal power and acceleration (prediction intervals = 0.03-1.81).ConclusionsHigh-level, highly trained male youth soccer players can experience positive gains in indices of strength, power and speed from strength, plyometric and combined training, and the magnitude of gains are mostly similar across modes of training. Based on prediction intervals, there is a good level of certainty that future strength, plyometric and combined training in this population would lead to positive improvements in vertical and horizontal power and sprint acceleration.

Project description:ObjectiveAcute effects of variable resistance training (VRT) and constant resistance training (CRT) on neuromuscular performance are still equivocal. We aimed to determine the differences between VRT and CRT in terms of force, velocity, and power outcomes.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus electronic databases for articles until June 2021. Crossover design studies comparing force, velocity, and power outcomes while performing VRT and CRT were included. Two reviewers independently applied the modified version of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool to assess the risk of bias. A three-level random effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions were used to compute standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals.ResultsWe included 16 studies with 207 participants in the quantitative synthesis. Based on the pooled results, VRT generated greater mean velocity (SMD = 0.675; moderate Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) quality evidence) and mean power (SMD = 1.022; low) than CRT. Subgroup analyses revealed that VRT considerably increased the mean velocity (SMD = 0.903; moderate) and mean power (SMD = 1.456; moderate) in the equated loading scheme and the mean velocity (SMD = 0.712; low) in the CRT higher loading scheme. However, VRT marginally significantly reduced peak velocity (SMD = -0.481; low) in the VRT higher loading scheme. Based on the meta-regression analysis, it was found that mean power (p = 0.014-0.043) was positively moderated by the contribution of variable resistance and peak velocity (p = 0.018) and peak power (p = 0.001-0.004) and RFD (p = 0.003) were positively moderated by variable resistance equipment, favoring elastic bands.ConclusionsVRT provides practitioners with the means of emphasizing specific force, velocity, and power outcomes. Different strategies should be considered in context of an individual's needs. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42021259205.

Project description:Muscle mass and strength reduce during ageing with a steeper decline in women around the age of 50, which suggests that the menopausal transition is one of the mechanisms for age-induced neuromuscular deteriorations. At the moment, there is no clear explanation for the decline in muscle properties although both physical exercise and maintaining near premenopausal estrogen levels by hormonal replacement have been helpful in their preservation. However, the molecular consequences of both treatments in skeletal muscle are mostly unknown. The goal of this genome-wide study was to investigate the transcriptional networks through which power training (PT) comprising of jumping activities and estrogen containing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may aid in the prevention of functional limitation ensued from insufficient muscle mass and physical performance after menopause. We used m. vastus lateralis samples obtained from postmenopausal women participating in a yearlong randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial with PT and HRT interventions. Muscle samples were available from eight PT, ten HRT and nine control women. Women in the PT group participated in a progressive PT program comprising mostly of jumping exercises for lower limbs with additional resistance exercises for the upper body. HRT intervention was double-blinded. All participants used either estradiol/noretisterone acetate preparation or placebo. Using statistical threshold p-value <0.05 and |fold change| >1.2 we identified 665 genes being differentially expressed among the studied 50-57-yr-old postmenopausal women. We used the hierarchical clustering method with extensive enrichment analysis in order to reveal enrichment of known GO or KEGG functional categories among co-regulated gene-clusters. In the enrichment analysis false discovery rate was set to be less than 15%. Transcription of “response to contraction”-, “insulin signaling”- and “adipocytokine signaling”-genes were upregulated by PT. Both PT and HRT were similarly effective on transcriptional regulation of glycolytic energy metabolism and calcium signaling. The HRT specifically affected “mitochondrion”-genes. In addition, we identified functional categories, such as “muscle development”, which were changed during the trial in all study groups. Our study revealed transcriptional changes in several functional categories in thigh muscle tissue of early postmenopausal women. The results emphasize that during the first years of the postmenopausal period, muscle properties are under transcriptional modulation, which both PT and HRT partially counteract leading to preservation of muscle mass and performance. More specifically, our findings indicate that PT and HRT may function through improving energy metabolism, improving the response to contraction, preserving functionality of mitochondria and reducing reorganization of muscle tissue. Therefore these treatments are recommended for preservation of adequate muscle mass and function. 54 samples, which formed 3 study groups with 2 timepoints, i.e., 8 power training subjects, 10 hormone replacement subjects and 9 controls. 6 control subjects had replicated samples resulting in a total of 60 hybridizations.

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Joint-level energetics differentiate isoinertial from speed-power resistance training-a Bayesian analysis.

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Joint-level energetics differentiate isoinertial from speed-power resistance training-a Bayesian analysis.

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