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Associations of long-term fine particulate matter exposure with prevalent hypertension and increased blood pressure in older Americans.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Hypertension is a highly prevalent cardiovascular risk factor. It is possible that air pollution, also an established cardiovascular risk factor, may contribute to cardiovascular disease through increasing blood pressure. Previous studies evaluating associations between air pollution and blood pressure have had mixed results. METHODS:We examined the association between long-term (one-year moving average) air pollutant exposures, prevalent hypertension and blood pressure in 4121 older Americans (57+ years) enrolled in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. We estimated exposures to PM2.5 using spatio-temporal models and used logistic regression accounting for repeated measures to evaluate the association between long-term average PM2.5 and prevalence odds of hypertension. We additionally used linear regression to evaluate the associations between air pollutants and systolic, diastolic, mean arterial, and pulse pressures. Health effect models were adjusted for a number of demographic, health and socioeconomic covariates. RESULTS:An inter-quartile range (3.91??g/m3) increase in the one-year moving average of PM2.5 was associated with increased: Odds of prevalent hypertension (POR 1.24, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.38), systolic blood pressure (0.93?mm Hg, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.80) and pulse pressure (0.89?mm Hg, 95% CI: 0.21, 1.58). Dose-response relationships were also observed. CONCLUSIONS:PM2.5 was associated with increased odds of prevalent hypertension, and increased systolic pressure and pulse pressure in a cohort of older Americans. These findings add to the growing evidence that air pollution may be an important risk factor for hypertension and perturbations in blood pressure.

SUBMITTER: Honda T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5911215 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Associations of long-term fine particulate matter exposure with prevalent hypertension and increased blood pressure in older Americans.

Honda Trenton T Pun Vivian C VC Manjourides Justin J Suh Helen H

Environmental research 20180216

<h4>Background</h4>Hypertension is a highly prevalent cardiovascular risk factor. It is possible that air pollution, also an established cardiovascular risk factor, may contribute to cardiovascular disease through increasing blood pressure. Previous studies evaluating associations between air pollution and blood pressure have had mixed results.<h4>Methods</h4>We examined the association between long-term (one-year moving average) air pollutant exposures, prevalent hypertension and blood pressure ...[more]

PMID: 29459230

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution may increase blood pressure and the risk of hypertension. However, epidemiological evidence is scarce and inconsistent. OBJECTIVES:We investigated the associations between long-term exposure to PM with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5?m (PM2.5), blood pressure, and incident hypertension in a large Taiwanese cohort. METHODS:We studied 361,560 adults ?18y old from a large cohort who participated in a standard medical examination program during 2001 to 2014. Among this group, 125,913 nonhypertensive participants were followed up. A satellite-based spatiotemporal model was used to estimate the 2-y average PM2.5 concentrations at each participant's address. Multivariable linear regression was used in the cross-sectional data analysis with the 361,560 participants to investigate the associations between PM2.5 and systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP), and Cox proportional hazard regression was used in the cohort data analysis with the 125,913 participants to investigate the associations between PM2.5 and incident hypertension. RESULTS:Each 10-?g/m3 increment in the 2-y average PM2.5 concentration was associated with increases of 0.45?mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.40, 0.50], 0.07?mmHg (95% CI: 0.04, 0.11), and 0.38?mmHg (95% CI: 0.33, 0.42) in SBP, DBP, and PP, respectively, after adjusting for a wide range of covariates and possible confounders. Each 10-?g/m3 increment in the 2-y average PM2.5 concentration was associated with an increase of 3% in the risk of developing hypertension [hazard?ratio=1.03 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.05)]. Stratified and sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS:Long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution is associated with higher blood pressure and an increased risk of hypertension. These findings reinforce the importance of air pollution mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2466.

Project description:BackgroundNumerous studies have linked fine particles [? 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5))] and health. Most studies focused on the total mass of the particles, although the chemical composition of the particles varies substantially. Which chemical components of fine particles that are the most harmful is not well understood, and research on the chemical composition of PM(2.5) and the components that are the most harmful is particularly limited in Asia.ObjectivesWe characterized PM(2.5) chemical composition and estimated the effects of cause-specific mortality of PM(2.5) mass and constituents in Seoul, Korea. We compared the chemical composition of particles to those of the eastern and western United States.MethodsWe examined temporal variability of PM(2.5) mass and its composition using hourly data. We applied an overdispersed Poisson generalized linear model, adjusting for time, day of week, temperature, and relative humidity to investigate the association between risk of mortality and PM(2.5) mass and its constituents in Seoul, Korea, for August 2008 through October 2009.ResultsPM(2.5) and chemical components exhibited temporal patterns by time of day and season. The chemical characteristics of Seoul's PM(2.5) were more similar to PM(2.5) found in the western United States than in the eastern United States. Seoul's PM(2.5) had lower sulfate (SO(4)) contributions and higher nitrate (NO(3)) contributions than that of the eastern United States, although overall PM(2.5) levels in Seoul were higher than in the United States. An interquartile range (IQR) increase in magnesium (Mg) (0.05 ?g/m³) was associated with a 1.4% increase (95% confidence interval: 0.2%, 2.6%) in total mortality on the following day. Several components that were among the largest contributors to PM(2.5) total mass--NO(3), SO(4), and ammonium (NH(4))--were moderately associated with same-day cardiovascular mortality at the p < 0.10 level. Other components with smaller mass contributions [Mg and chlorine (Cl)] exhibited moderate associations with respiratory mortality on the following day (p < 0.10).ConclusionsOur findings link PM(2.5) constituents with mortality and have implications for policy making on sources of PM(2.5) and on the relevance of PM(2.5) health studies from other areas to this region.

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Associations of long-term fine particulate matter exposure with prevalent hypertension and increased blood pressure in older Americans.

Publications

Associations of long-term fine particulate matter exposure with prevalent hypertension and increased blood pressure in older Americans.

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