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Impact of intensification with raltegravir on HIV-1-infected individuals receiving monotherapy with boosted PIs.

ABSTRACT: Background:Monotherapy with ritonavir-boosted PIs (PI/r) has been used to simplify treatment of HIV-1-infected patients. In previous studies raltegravir intensification evidenced ongoing viral replication and reduced T cell activation, preferentially in subjects receiving PI-based triple ART. However, data about low-level viral replication and its consequences in patients receiving PI/r monotherapy are scarce. Methods:We evaluated the impact of 24?weeks of intensification with raltegravir on markers of viral persistence, cellular immune activation and inflammation biomarkers in 33 patients receiving maintenance PI/r monotherapy with darunavir or lopinavir boosted with ritonavir. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01480713. Results:The addition of raltegravir to PI/r monotherapy resulted in a transient increase in 2-LTR (long-terminal repeat) circles in a significant proportion of participants, along with decreases in CD8+ T cell activation levels and a temporary increase in the expression of the exhaustion marker CTLA-4 in peripheral T lymphocytes. Intensification with raltegravir also reduced the number of samples with intermediate levels of residual viraemia (10-60 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) compared with samples taken during PI/r monotherapy. However, there were no changes in cell-associated HIV-1 DNA in peripheral CD4+ T cells or soluble inflammatory biomarkers (CD14, IP-10, IL-6, C-reactive protein and D-dimer). Conclusions:Intensification of PI/r monotherapy with raltegravir revealed persistent low-level viral replication and reduced residual viraemia in some patients during long-term PI/r monotherapy. The concomitant change in T cell phenotype suggests an association between active viral production and T cell activation. These results contribute to understanding the lower efficacy rates of PI/r monotherapies compared with triple therapies in clinical trials.

SUBMITTER: Puertas MC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6005067 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Impact of intensification with raltegravir on HIV-1-infected individuals receiving monotherapy with boosted PIs.

Puertas Maria C MC Gómez-Mora Elisabet E Santos José R JR Moltó José J Urrea Víctor V Morón-López Sara S Hernández-Rodríguez Agueda A Marfil Silvia S Martínez-Bonet Marta M Matas Lurdes L Muñoz-Fernández Mª Angeles MA Clotet Bonaventura B Blanco Julià J Martinez-Picado Javier J

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 20180701 7

<h4>Background</h4>Monotherapy with ritonavir-boosted PIs (PI/r) has been used to simplify treatment of HIV-1-infected patients. In previous studies raltegravir intensification evidenced ongoing viral replication and reduced T cell activation, preferentially in subjects receiving PI-based triple ART. However, data about low-level viral replication and its consequences in patients receiving PI/r monotherapy are scarce.<h4>Methods</h4>We evaluated the impact of 24 weeks of intensification with ral ...[more]

PMID: 29635527

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Project description:Most HIV-1-infected patients on effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) with plasma HIV-1 RNA levels below the detection limits of commercial assays have residual viremia measurable by more sensitive methods. We assessed whether adding raltegravir lowered the level of residual viremia in such patients. Patients receiving ART who had plasma HIV-1 RNA levels below 50 copies/mL but detectable viremia by single copy assay (SCA) were randomized to add either raltegravir or placebo to their ART regimen for 12 weeks; patients then crossed-over to the other therapy for an additional 12 weeks while continuing pre-study ART. The primary endpoint was the plasma HIV-1 RNA by SCA averaged between weeks 10 and 12 (10/12) compared between treatment groups. Fifty-three patients were enrolled. The median screening HIV-1 RNA was 1.7 copies/mL. The HIV-1 RNA level at weeks 10/12 did not differ significantly between the raltegravir-intensified (n = 25) and the placebo (n = 24) groups (median 1.2 versus 1.7 copies/mL, p = 0.55, Wilcoxon rank sum test), nor did the change in HIV-1 RNA level from baseline to week 10/12 (median -0.2 and -0.1 copies/mL, p = 0.71, Wilcoxon rank sum test). There was also no significant change in HIV-1 RNA level from weeks 10/12 to weeks 22/24 after patients crossed-over. There was a greater CD4 cell count increase from baseline to week 12 in the raltegravir-intensified group compared with the placebo group (+42 versus -44 cells/mm(3), p = 0.082, Wilcoxon rank sum test), which reversed after the cross-over. This CD4 cell count change was not associated with an effect of raltegravir intensification on markers of CD4 or CD8 cell activation in blood. In this randomized, double-blind cross-over study, 12 weeks of raltegravir intensification did not demonstrably reduce low-level plasma viremia in patients on currently recommended ART. This finding suggests that residual viremia does not arise from ongoing cycles of HIV-1 replication and infection of new cells. New therapeutic strategies to eliminate reservoirs that produce residual viremia will be required to eradicate HIV-1 infection. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00515827

Project description:BackgroundNevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy is the predominant (and often the only) regimen available for children in resource-limited settings. Nevirapine resistance after exposure to the drug for prevention of maternal-to-child human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission is common, a problem that has led to the recommendation of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir in such settings. Regardless of whether there has been prior exposure to nevirapine, the performance of nevirapine versus ritonavir-boosted lopinavir in young children has not been rigorously established.MethodsIn a randomized trial conducted in six African countries and India, we compared the initiation of HIV treatment with zidovudine, lamivudine, and either nevirapine or ritonavir-boosted lopinavir in HIV-infected children 2 to 36 months of age who had no prior exposure to nevirapine. The primary end point was virologic failure or discontinuation of treatment by study week 24.ResultsA total of 288 children were enrolled; the median percentage of CD4+ T cells was 15%, and the median plasma HIV type 1 (HIV-1) RNA level was 5.7 log(10) copies per milliliter. The percentage of children who reached the primary end point was significantly higher in the nevirapine group than in the ritonavir-boosted lopinavir group (40.8% vs. 19.3%; P<0.001). Among the nevirapine-treated children with virologic failure for whom data on resistance were available, more than half (19 of 32) had resistance at the time of virologic failure. In addition, the time to a protocol-defined toxicity end point was shorter in the nevirapine group (P=0.04), as was the time to death (P=0.06).ConclusionsOutcomes were superior with ritonavir-boosted lopinavir among young children with no prior exposure to nevirapine. Factors that may have contributed to the suboptimal results with nevirapine include elevated viral load at baseline, selection for nevirapine resistance, background regimen of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, and the standard ramp-up dosing strategy. The results of this trial present policymakers with difficult choices. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; P1060 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00307151.).

Project description:BACKGROUND:Metabolic complications in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are common. Prediabetes represents a high risk for future diabetes development. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, diagnostic methods, and associated factors of prediabetes among HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-infected adults without a history of diabetes who were receiving ART. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour plasma glucose (2-h PG) after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were assessed. RESULTS:A total of 397 patients with a mean age of 47.0?±?9.8 years and 55.7% male, were studied. All received ART with undetectable plasma viral load. The mean duration of ART was 9.6?±?5.2 years, and the mean CD4 cell count was 554?±?235 cells/mm3. Among the patients, 28 (7.1%) had first-diagnosed diabetes, and 133 (33.5%) patients had prediabetes. Glycemia estimation by FPG, 2-h PG, and HbA1c showed a prediabetes prevalence of 17.4%, 14.7%, and 12.5%, respectively. The kappa statistics for the agreement of FPG and 2-h PG, HbA1c and 2-h PG, and HbA1c and FPG were 0.317, 0.429, and 0.396, respectively. In multivariate analysis, hypertension [odds ratio (OR) 3.38; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.16-9.91; p?=?0.026), and triglycerides?>?150 mg/dL (OR 2.11; 95% CI, 1.01-4.44; p?=?0.047) were factors significantly associated with prediabetes. CONCLUSIONS:Prediabetes among HIV-infected individuals receiving ART is common. The agreements of glycemia estimation methods are minimal to weak. HbA1c may underestimate prediabetes prevalence. Using FPG together with HbA1c increases the detection rate to approximately three-quarters of prediabetes patients. HIV-infected individuals who had hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia should be regularly assessed for prediabetes. Trial registration ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT03545217. Registered 1 June 2018-Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03545217.

Dataset Information

Impact of intensification with raltegravir on HIV-1-infected individuals receiving monotherapy with boosted PIs.

Publications

Impact of intensification with raltegravir on HIV-1-infected individuals receiving monotherapy with boosted PIs.

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