Dataset Information

On the role of ocular torsion in binocular visual matching.

ABSTRACT: When an observer scans the visual surround, the images cast on the two retinae are slightly different due to the different viewpoints of the two eyes. Objects in the horizontal plane of regard can be seen single by aligning the lines of sight without changing the torsional stance of the eyes. Due to the peculiar ocular kinematics this is not possible for objects above or below the horizontal plane of regard. We provide evidence that binocular fusion can be achieved independently of viewing direction by adjusting the mutual torsional orientation of the eyes in the frontal plane. We characterize the fusion positions of the eyes across the oculomotor range by deriving simple trigonometric equations for the required torsion as a function of gaze direction and compute the iso-torsion contours yielding binocular fusion. Finally, we provide experimental evidence that eye positions in far-to-near re-fixation saccades indeed converge towards the predicted positions by adjusting the torsion of the eyes. This is the first report that describes the three-dimensional orientation of the eyes at binocular fusion positions based on the three-dimensional ocular kinematics. It closes a gap between the sensory and the motor side of binocular vision and stereoscopy.

SUBMITTER: Hess BJM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6045635 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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On the role of ocular torsion in binocular visual matching.

Hess Bernhard J M BJM

Scientific reports 20180713 1

When an observer scans the visual surround, the images cast on the two retinae are slightly different due to the different viewpoints of the two eyes. Objects in the horizontal plane of regard can be seen single by aligning the lines of sight without changing the torsional stance of the eyes. Due to the peculiar ocular kinematics this is not possible for objects above or below the horizontal plane of regard. We provide evidence that binocular fusion can be achieved independently of viewing direc ...[more]

PMID: 30006553

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Project description:In invertebrate predators such as the praying mantis and vertebrate predators such as wild cats the ability to detect small differences in inter-ocular retinal disparities is a critical means for accurately determining the depth of moving objects such as prey. In mammals, the first neurons along the visual pathway that encode binocular disparities are found in the visual cortex. However, a precise functional architecture for binocular disparity has never been demonstrated in any species, and coarse maps for disparity have been found in only one primate species. Moreover, the dominant approach for assaying the developmental plasticity of binocular cortical neurons used monocular tests of ocular dominance to infer binocular function. The few studies that examined the relationship between ocular dominance and binocular disparity of individual cells used single-unit recordings and have provided conflicting results regarding whether ocular dominance can predict the selectivity or sensitivity to binocular disparity. We used two-photon calcium imaging to sample the response to monocular and binocular visual stimuli from nearly every adjacent neuron in a small region of the cat visual cortex, area 18. Here we show that local circuits for ocular dominance always have smooth and graded transitions from one apparently monocular functional domain to an adjacent binocular region. Most unexpectedly, we discovered a new map in the cat visual cortex that had a precise functional micro-architecture for binocular disparity selectivity. At the level of single cells, ocular dominance was unrelated to binocular disparity selectivity or sensitivity. When the local maps for ocular dominance and binocular disparity both had measurable gradients at a given cortical site, the two gradient directions were orthogonal to each other. Together, these results indicate that, from the perspective of the spiking activity of individual neurons, ocular dominance cannot predict binocular disparity tuning. However, the precise local arrangement of ocular dominance and binocular disparity maps provide new clues regarding how monocular and binocular depth cues may be combined and decoded.

Project description:PurposeTo assess the relationship of binocular visual function tests with binocular approximations using data from the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study (CIGTS).DesignCase series based on existing data from a clinical trial.ParticipantsSix hundred seven patients with newly diagnosed open-angle glaucoma from the CIGTS.MethodsMonocular visual field (VF) and visual acuity (VA) tests were performed at baseline and every 6 months thereafter. Binocular tests of visual function (Esterman VF score, binocular VA) were added to the CIGTS protocol 3 years into the study. The binocular approximations of binocular visual function were better or worse eye, average eye, better or worse location, and binocular summation or pointwise binocular summation. Associations between binocular tests and binocular approximations to represent binocular visual function were assessed with Pearson's correlations (r), as was the relationship between vision-related quality of life (VR QOL; Visual Activities Questionnaire [VAQ] and the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire [NEI VFQ-25]) and binocular tests or binocular approximations of visual function.Main outcome measuresBinocular visual function (VF and VA) and VR QOL.ResultsFive hundred seventy-five patients underwent at least 1 binocular visual function test. The Esterman score was correlated significantly with all binocular approximations of VF, with r values ranging from 0.31 (worse-eye mean deviation [MD]) to 0.42 (better-eye MD; P < 0.0001 for all). Binocular VA showed stronger correlations with binocular approximations, with r values ranging from 0.65 (worse-eye VA) to 0.80 (binocular summation; P < 0.0001 for all). Correlations between the VAQ and Esterman score were stronger in 7 of 9 subscales (r = -0.14 to -0.25; P < 0.05 for all) than correlations with all 7 binocular approximations. In contrast, correlations between the VAQ and binocular VA (r = -0.07 to -0.21) were weaker in all subscales than those with better-eye, average-eye, and binocular summation of VA (r = -0.12 to -0.25), but not different from worse-eye values. These trends also were found in relevant subscales of the NEI VFQ-25.ConclusionsWe found limited benefit in binocular testing of VA in the clinical setting as a means of approximating a patient's reported visual functioning. In contrast, we found some benefit in performing binocular VF testing, because the results correlated more closely with reported functioning than binocular approximations.

Dataset Information

On the role of ocular torsion in binocular visual matching.

Publications

On the role of ocular torsion in binocular visual matching.

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