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Enhanced virulence of Fusarium species associated with spear rot of oil palm following recovery from osmotic stress.

ABSTRACT: Fusarium spp., which are common inhabitants of oil palm leaves, are weak pathogens of common spear rot (CSR). We investigated the influence of osmotic stress on the growth, virulence, and activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes of CSR fungi, using potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with KCl or sucrose (hyperosmotic medium). Hyperosmotic stress significantly inhibited mycelial growth, but growth rapidly recovered when mycelia were transferred to control medium. When inoculated into oil palm spear leaflets, Fusarium sp., and F. incarnatum precultured on 1.0 and 1.5 M KCl-hyperosmotic medium induced lesions that were two to four times larger than those in non-stressed cultures, suggesting enhanced virulence of the weak pathogens. Lesion size was not greatly affected in hyperosmotic cultures of moderately virulent F. sacchari. No activity of pectin lyase was detected in liquid cultures of the Fusarium isolates. All isolates except F. incarnatum BT48 secreted polygalacturonase (PG), which was active in both liquid cultures and inoculated leaves. Significantly increased PG activity (5-32-fold) was observed on leaves inoculated with hyperosmotic cultures of Fusarium sp. and F. sacchari. These findings suggest that Fusarium sp., F. incarnatum, and F. sacchari exhibit an adaptive physiological plasticity to hyperosmotic stress that results in enhanced virulence.

SUBMITTER: Suwandi S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6059076 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Low salinity waterflooding (low salinity-EOR) has attracted great interest from many giant oil producers and is currently under trial in some of the oil fields of the United States, Middle Eastern countries, and North Sea reservoirs. Most of the reported studies on this process were carried out for medium to relatively heavy oil with significant polar contents. In this work, we have investigated low salinity waterflooding performance for light paraffinic crude oil with a low acid number. This study has been performed using crude oil from an Indian offshore oilfield and Indian offshore seawater. Oil recovery efficiencies of seawater and its diluted versions (low salinity seawater) were evaluated through core-flooding experiments performed on a silica sand pack containing small amounts (2 wt %) of bentonite clay saturated with crude oil. Interfacial tension and wettability studies were performed to understand the associated low salinity effects on the crude oil/brine/rock properties. Effluent brine produced during the flooding experiments was also analyzed to obtain a clearer insight into the low salinity-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) mechanism. The results showed that injection of low salinity seawater can significantly increase the waterflood recovery in comparison with high salinity seawater injection. Interfacial tension and contact angle studies revealed that there is an optimum dilution level at which the interfacial tension and wettability are the most favorable for enhanced oil recovery even in the case of light paraffinic crude. These results are in line with the results obtained from the core-flooding experiments. The possible reason behind recovery improvement based on the interfacial tension and wettability studies in conjugation with the effluent brine analysis has been discussed in detail. In this study, we have observed that the enhanced oil recovery efficiency could be achieved by applying low salinity seawater flooding even in the case of light paraffinic oil with a low acid number.

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Enhanced virulence of Fusarium species associated with spear rot of oil palm following recovery from osmotic stress.

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