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New function of the Yb³⁺ ion as an efficient emitter of persistent luminescence in the short-wave infrared.

ABSTRACT: The trivalent ytterbium (Yb³⁺) ion has been extensively used as an emitter in short-wave infrared (SWIR) lasers, a sensitizer to activate other lanthanide ions for up-conversion luminescence, and a spectral converter in Ln³⁺-Yb³⁺ doubly doped quantum cutting phosphors. Here we report a new function of the Yb³⁺ ion-as an efficient emitting center for SWIR persistent luminescence. We have developed the first real SWIR persistent phosphor, MgGeO₃:Yb³⁺, which exhibits very-long persistent luminescence at around 1000 nm for longer than 100 h. The MgGeO₃:Yb³⁺ phosphor is spectrally transparent to visible/near-infrared light (~400-900 nm) and is a promising ultraviolet-to-SWIR spectral convertor. The MgGeO₃:Yb³⁺ phosphor also exhibits a photostimulated persistent luminescence capability, where the SWIR persistent emission in an ultraviolet-light pre-irradiated sample can be rejuvenated by low-energy light (white or red light) stimulation. The MgGeO₃:Yb³⁺ phosphor is expected to have promising applications in biomedical imaging, night-vision surveillance and photovoltaics.

SUBMITTER: Liang YJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6059942 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Rare-earth doped nanoparticles (RENPs) have been widely used for anti-counterfeiting and security applications due to their light frequency conversion features: they are excited at one wavelength, and they display spectrally narrow and distinguished luminescence peaks either at shorter wavelengths (i.e., frequency/energy upconversion) or at longer wavelengths (frequency/energy downconversion). RENPs with a downconversion (DC) photoluminescence (PL) in short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral range (~1,000-1,700 nm) have recently been introduced to anti-counterfeiting applications, allowing for multilevel protection based on PL imaging through opaque layers, due to a lesser scattering of SWIR PL emission. However, as the number and spectral positions of the discrete PL bands exhibited by rare-earth ions are well-known, it is feasible to replicate luminescence spectra from RENPs, which results in a limited anti-counterfeiting security. Alternatively, lifetime of PL from RENPs can be used for encoding, as it can be finely tuned in broad temporal range (i.e., from microseconds to milliseconds) by varying type of dopants and their content in RENPs, along with the nanoparticle morphology and size. Nevertheless, the current approach to decoding and imaging the RENP luminescence lifetimes requires multiple steps and is highly time-consuming, precluding practical applications of PL lifetime encoding for anti-counterfeiting. Herein, we report the use of a rapid lifetime determination (RLD) technique to overcome this issue and introduce real-time imaging of SWIR PL lifetime for anti-counterfeiting applications. NaYF4:20% Yb, x% Er (x = 0, 2, 20, 80)@NaYF4 core@shell RENPs were synthesized and characterized, revealing DC PL in SWIR region, with maximum at ~1,530 nm and PL lifetimes ranging from 3.2 to 6 ms. Imaging of the nanoparticles with different lifetimes was performed by the developed time-gated imaging system engaging RLD method and the precise manipulation of the delay between the excitation pulses and camera gating windows. Moreover, it is shown that imaging and decrypting can be performed at a high rate (3-4 fps) in a cyclic manner, thus allowing for real-time temporal decoding. We believe that the demonstrated RLD-based fast PL lifetime imaging approach can be employed in other applications of photoluminescent RENPs.

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New function of the Yb³⁺ ion as an efficient emitter of persistent luminescence in the short-wave infrared.

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New function of the Yb³⁺ ion as an efficient emitter of persistent luminescence in the short-wave infrared.