Comparison of peak oxygen uptake and exercise efficiency between upper-body poling and arm crank ergometry in trained paraplegic and able-bodied participants.
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ABSTRACT: Purpose
To compare peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and exercise efficiency between upper-body poling (UBP) and arm crank ergometry (ACE) in able-bodied (AB) and paraplegic participants (PARA).Methods
Seven PARA and eleven AB upper-body trained participants performed four 5-min submaximal stages, and an incremental test to exhaustion in UBP and ACE. VO2peak was the highest 30-s average during the incremental test. Metabolic rate (joule/second?=?watt) at fixed power outputs of 40, 60, and 80 W was estimated using linear regression analysis on the original power-output-metabolic-rate data and used to compare exercise efficiency between exercise modes and groups.Results
VO2peak did not significantly differ between UBP and ACE (p?=?0.101), although peak power output was 19% lower in UBP (p?2peak compared to AB (p?=?0.010), although there were no significant differences in peak power output between PARA and AB (p?=?0.209).Conclusions
In upper-body-trained PARA and AB participants, VO2peak did not differ between UBP and ACE, indicating that these two test modes tax the cardiovascular system similarly when the upper body is restricted. As such, the 19% lower peak power output in UBP compared to ACE may be explained by the coinciding lower efficiency.
SUBMITTER: Baumgart JK
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6105255 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Sep
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Comparison of peak oxygen uptake and exercise efficiency between upper-body poling and arm crank ergometry in trained paraplegic and able-bodied participants.
Baumgart Julia Kathrin JK Gürtler Laura L Ettema Gertjan G Sandbakk Øyvind Ø
European journal of applied physiology 20180623 9
<h4>Purpose</h4>To compare peak oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2peak</sub>) and exercise efficiency between upper-body poling (UBP) and arm crank ergometry (ACE) in able-bodied (AB) and paraplegic participants (PARA).<h4>Methods</h4>Seven PARA and eleven AB upper-body trained participants performed four 5-min submaximal stages, and an incremental test to exhaustion in UBP and ACE. VO<sub>2peak</sub> was the highest 30-s average during the incremental test. Metabolic rate (joule/second = watt) at fixed po ...[more]
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Project description:Purpose: To investigate the test-retest reliability of physiological variables across four different test days and four different submaximal exercise intensities during seated upper-body poling (UBP). Methods: Thirteen abled-bodied, upper-body trained men (age 29±3years; body mass 84±12kg; height 183±5cm) performed four submaximal 4-min stages of seated UBP on four separate test days. The four submaximal stages were set at individual power outputs corresponding to a rating of perceived exertion of 9, 11, 13, and 15. The absolute reliability for pairwise test-day comparisons of the physiological variables was investigated with the smallest detectable change percentage (%SDC) and the relative reliability with the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: Absolute and relative reliability across test-day comparisons and submaximal stages were moderate to excellent for all variables investigated (V̇O2 - %SDC range: 5-13%, ICC range: 0.93-0.99; HR - %SDC range: 6-9%, ICC range: 0.91-0.97) other than blood lactate, for which absolute reliability was poor and relative reliability highly variable (%SDC range: 26-69%, ICC range: 0.44-0.92). Furthermore, absolute and relative reliability were consistent across the low-to-moderate exercise intensity spectrum and across test days. Conclusion: Absolute and relative test-retest reliability were acceptable for all investigated physiological variables but blood lactate. The consistent test-retest reliability across the exercise intensity spectrum and across test days indicates that a familiarization period to the specific exercise modality may not be necessary. For generalizability, these findings need to be confirmed in athletes with a disability by future large-scale studies.
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Project description:IntroductionEvaluation of the effect of human upper-body training regimens may benefit from knowledge of local energy expenditure in arm muscles. To that end, we developed a novel arm-crank ergometry platform for use in a clinical magnetic resonance (MR) scanner with 31P spectroscopy capability to study arm muscle energetics. Complementary datasets on heart-rate, whole-body oxygen consumption, proximal arm-muscle electrical activity and power output, were obtained in a mock-up scanner. The utility of the platform was tested by a preliminary study over 4 weeks of skill practice on the efficiency of execution of a dynamic arm-cranking task in healthy subjects.ResultsThe new platform successfully recorded the first ever in vivo 31P MR spectra from the human biceps brachii (BB) muscle during dynamic exercise in five healthy subjects. Changes in BB energy- and pH balance varied considerably between individuals. Surface electromyography and mechanical force recordings revealed that individuals employed different arm muscle recruitment strategies, using either predominantly elbow flexor muscles (pull strategy; two subjects), elbow extensor muscles (push strategy; one subject) or a combination of both (two subjects). The magnitude of observed changes in BB energy- and pH balance during ACT execution correlated closely with each strategy. Skill practice improved muscle coordination but did not alter individual strategies. Mechanical efficiency on group level seemed to increase as a result of practice, but the outcomes generated by the new platform showed the additional caution necessary for the interpretation that total energy cost was actually reduced at the same workload.ConclusionThe presented platform integrates dynamic in vivo 31P MRS recordings from proximal arm muscles with whole-body calorimetry, surface electromyography and biomechanical measurements. This new methodology enables evaluation of cyclic motor performance and outcomes of upper-body training regimens in healthy novices. It may be equally useful for investigations of exercise physiology in lower-limb impaired athletes and wheelchair users as well as frail patients including patients with debilitating muscle disease and the elderly.
| S-EPMC7933461 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Objective. To study whether values for peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and work economy (WE) at a standardized workload are different when tested by arm crank ergometry (ACE) and wheelchair ergometry (WCE). Methods. Twelve paraplegic men with spinal cord injury (SCI) in stable neurological condition participated in this cross-sectional repeated-measures study. We determined VO2peak and peak power output (POpeak) values during ACE and WCE in a work-matched protocol. Work economy was tested at a standardized workload of 30 Watts (W) for both ACE and WCE. Results. There were no significant differences in VO2peak (mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) between ACE (27.3 ± 3.2) and WCE (27.4 ± 3.8) trials, and a Bland-Altman plot shows that findings are within 95% level of agreement. WE or oxygen consumption at 30?W (VO2-30W) was significantly lower during WCE compared to ACE (P < 0.039). Mean (95% CI) POpeak (W) were 130 (111-138) and 100 (83-110) during ACE and WCE, respectively. Conclusion. The findings in the present study support the use of both ACE and WCE for testing peak oxygen uptake. However, WE differed between the two test modalities, meaning that less total energy is used to perform external work of 30?W during wheelchair exercise when using this WCE (VP100 Handisport ergometer). Clinical Trials Protocol Record is NCT00987155/4.2007.2271.
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Project description:Background: Manual wheelchair (MWC) users with spinal cord injuries (SCI) are at a significantly higher risk of experiencing rotator cuff pathology than able-bodied individuals. A deeper understanding of where the arm is used dynamically within the humeral workspace during daily life may help explain why MWC users have higher shoulder pathology rates than able-bodied individuals. The purpose of this study was to report the daily percentage and consecutive durations MWC users and matched able-bodied individuals (controls) spent static and dynamic across the humeral elevation workspace. Methods: MWC users with SCI and controls wore three inertial measurement units on their bilateral arms and torso for 1 or 2 days. The percentages of time and average consecutive duration individuals were static or dynamic while in five humeral elevation ranges (0–30°, 30–60°, 60–90°, 90–120°, and >120°) were calculated and compared between cohorts. Results: Forty-four MWC users (10 females, age: 42.8 ± 12.0, time since injury: 12.3 ± 11.5) and 44 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. The MWC cohort spent significantly more time dynamic in 60–90° (p = 0.039) and 90–120° (p = 0.029) and had longer consecutive dynamic periods in 30–60° (p = 0.001), 60–90° (p = 0.027), and 90–120° (p = 0.043) on the dominant arm. The controls spent significantly more time dynamic in 0–30° of humeral elevation (p < 0.001) on both arms. Although the average consecutive static durations were comparable between cohorts across all humeral elevation ranges, the MWC cohort spent a significantly higher percentage of their day static in 30–60° of humeral elevation than controls (dominant: p = 0.001, non-dominant: p = 0.01). The MWC cohort had a moderate association of increased age with decreased time dynamic in 30–60° for both arms. Discussion: Remote data capture of arm use during daily life can aid in understanding how arm function relates to shoulder pathology that follows SCI and subsequent MWC use. MWC users spent more time dynamic in higher elevations than controls, and with age, dynamic arm use decreased in the 30–60° humeral elevation range. These results may exemplify effects of performing activities from a seated position and of age on mobility.
| S-EPMC8034231 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Objective: To compare peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the test-retest reliability of physiological parameters between a 1-min and a 3-min closed-end and an incremental open-end upper-body poling test. Methods: On two separate test days, 24 healthy, upper-body trained men (age: 28.3 ± 9.3 years, body mass: 77.4 ± 8.9 kg, height: 182 ± 7 cm) performed a 1-min, a 3-min and an incremental test to volitional exhaustion in the same random order. Respiratory parameters, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLa), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and power output were measured. VO2peak was determined as the single highest 30-s average. Relative reliability was assessed with the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC2, 1) and absolute reliability with the standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable change (SDC). Results: The incremental (3.50 ± 0.46 L·min-1 and 45.4 ± 5.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) and the 3-min test (3.42 ± 0.47 L·min-1 and 44.5 ± 5.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) resulted in significantly higher absolute and body-mass normalized VO2peak compared to the 1-min test (3.13 ± 0.40 L·min-1 and 40.4 ± 5.0 mL·kg-1·min-1) (all comparisons, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the incremental test resulted in a significantly higher VO2peak as compared to the 3-min test (p < 0.001). VO2peak was significantly higher on day 1 than day 2 for the 1-min test (p < 0.05) and displayed a trend toward higher values on day 2 for the incremental test (p = 0.07). High and very high ICCs across all physiological parameters were found for the 1-min (0.827-0.956), the 3-min (0.916-0.949), and the incremental test (0.728-0.956). The SDC was consistently small for HR (1-min: 4%, 3-min: 4%, incremental: 3%), moderate for absolute and body-mass normalized VO2peak (1-min: 5%, 3-min: 6%, incremental: 7%) and large for BLa (1-min: 20%, 3-min: 12%, incremental: 22%). Conclusions: Whereas both the 3-min and the incremental test display high relative reliability, the incremental test induces slightly higher VO2peak. However, the 3-min test seems to be more stable with respect to day-to-day differences in VO2peak. The 1-min test would provide a reliable alternative when short test-duration is desirable, but is not recommended for testing VO2peak due to the clearly lower values.
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Project description:In elite cross-country skiing, double poling is used in different terrain. This study compared O2-cost and kinematics during double poling with four different pole lengths [self-selected (SS), SS - 5 cm, SS?+?5 cm, SS?+?10 cm] at Low versus Moderate incline.Thirteen highly trained male cross-country skiers (mean?±?SD 23?±?3 years; 182?±?4 cm; 77?±?6 kg) completed eight submaximal trials with roller skis on a treadmill at two conditions: "Low incline" (1.7°; 4.5 m s-1) and "Moderate incline" (4.5°; 2.5 m s-1) with each of the four pole lengths. O2-cost and 3D body kinematics were assessed in each trial.In Low incline, SS?+?10 cm induced a lower O2-cost than all the other pole lengths [P?<?0.05; effect size (ES) 0.5-0.8], whereas no differences were found between the remaining pole lengths (P?>?0.05; ES 0.2-0.4). In Moderate incline, significant differences between all pole lengths were found for O2-cost, with SS - 5 cm?>?SS?>?SS?+?5 cm?>?SS?+?10 cm (P?<?0.05; ES 0.6-1.8). The relative differences in O2-cost between SS and the other pole lengths were greater in Moderate incline than Low incline (SS?-?5 cm; 1.5%, ES 0.8, SS?+?5 cm; 1.3%, ES 1.0, and SS?+?10 cm; 1.9%, ES 1.0, all P?<?0.05). No difference was found in cycle, poling or reposition times between pole lengths. However, at both conditions a smaller total vertical displacement of center of mass was observed with SS?+?10 cm compared to the other pole lengths.Increasing pole length from SS?-?5 cm to SS?+?10 cm during double poling induced lower O2-cost and this advantage was greater in Moderate compared to Low incline.
| S-EPMC5767204 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Real-life daily handcycling requires combined propulsion and steering to control the front wheel. Today, the handcycle cranks are mostly mounted synchronously unlike the early handcycle generations. Alternatively, arm cycle ergometers do not require steering and the cranks are mostly positioned asynchronously. The current study aims to evaluate the effects of combining propulsion and steering requirements on synchronous and asynchronous submaximal handcycle ergometry. We hypothesize that asynchronous handcycling with steering results in the mechanically least efficient condition, due to compensation for unwanted rotations that are not seen in synchronous handcycling, regardless of steering. Sixteen able-bodied male novices volunteered in this lab-based experiment. The set-up consisted of a handcycle ergometer with 3D force sensors at each crank that also allows "natural" steering. Four submaximal steady-state (60 rpm, ~35 W) exercise conditions were presented in a counterbalanced order: synchronous with a fixed steering axis, synchronous with steering, asynchronous with a fixed axis and asynchronous with steering. All participants practiced 3 × 4 mins with 30 mins rest in between every condition. Finally, they did handcycle for 4 mins in each of the four conditions, interspaced with 10 mins rest, while metabolic outcomes, kinetics and kinematics of the ergometer were recorded. The additional steering component did not influence velocity, torque and power production during synchronous handcycling and therefore resulted in an equal metabolically efficient handcycling configuration compared to the fixed condition. Contrarily, asynchronous handcycling with steering requirements showed a reduced mechanical efficiency, as velocity around the steering axis increased and torque and power production were less effective. Based on the torque production around the crank and steering axes, neuromuscular compensation strategies seem necessary to prevent steering movements in the asynchronous mode. To practice or test real-life daily synchronous handcycling, a synchronous crank set-up of the ergometer is advised, as exercise performance in terms of mechanical efficiency, metabolic strain, and torque production is independent of steering requirements in that mode. Asynchronous handcycling or arm ergometry demands a different handcycle technique in terms of torque production and results in higher metabolic responses than synchronous handcycling, making it unsuitable for testing.
| S-EPMC8572844 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Alterations in respiratory mechanics predispose healthy obese individuals to low lung volume breathing, which places them at risk of developing expiratory flow limitation (EFL). The high ventilatory demand in endurance-trained obese adults further increases their risk of developing EFL and increases their work of breathing. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and magnitude of EFL in fit obese (FO) adults via measurements of breathing mechanics and ventilatory dynamics during exercise.Ten (seven women and three men) FO (mean ± SD, 38 ± 5 years, 38% ± 5% body fat) and 10 (seven women and three men) control obese (CO) (38 ± 5 years, 39% ± 5% body fat) subjects underwent hydrostatic weighing, pulmonary function testing, cycle exercise testing, and the determination of the oxygen cost of breathing during eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea.There were no differences in functional residual capacity (43% ± 6% vs 40% ± 9% total lung capacity [TLC]), residual volume (21% ± 4% vs 21% ± 4% TLC), or FVC (111% ± 13% vs 104% ± 15% predicted) between FO and CO subjects, respectively. FO subjects had higher FEV1 (111% ± 13% vs 99% ± 11% predicted), TLC (106% ± 14% vs 94% ± 7% predicted), peak expiratory flow (123% ± 14% vs 106% ± 13% predicted), and maximal voluntary ventilation (128% ± 15% vs 106% ± 13% predicted) than did CO subjects. Peak oxygen uptake (129% ± 16% vs 86% ± 15% predicted), minute ventilation (128 ± 35 L/min vs 92 ± 25 L/min), and work rate (229 ± 54 W vs 166 ± 55 W) were higher in FO subjects. Mean inspiratory (4.65 ± 1.09 L/s vs 3.06 ± 1.21 L/s) and expiratory (4.15 ± 0.95 L/s vs 2.98 ± 0.76 L/s) flows were greater in FO subjects, which yielded a greater breathing frequency (51 ± 8 breaths/min vs 41 ± 10 breaths/min) at peak exercise in FO subjects. Mechanical ventilatory constraints in FO subjects were similar to those in CO subjects despite the greater ventilatory demand in FO subjects.FO individuals achieve high ventilations by increasing breathing frequency, matching the elevated metabolic demand associated with high fitness. They do this without developing meaningful ventilatory constraints. Therefore, endurance-trained obese individuals with higher lung function are not limited by breathing mechanics during peak exercise, which may allow healthy obese adults to participate in vigorous exercise training.
| S-EPMC3787919 | biostudies-other
Project description:ObjectivesThe primary aim was to compare physiological and perceptual outcome parameters identified at common gas exchange and blood lactate (BLa) thresholds in Paralympic athletes while upper-body poling. The secondary aim was to compare the fit of the breakpoint models used to identify thresholds in the gas exchange thresholds data versus continuous linear and curvilinear (no-breakpoint) models.MethodsFifteen elite Para ice hockey players performed seven to eight 5-min stages at increasing workload until exhaustion during upper-body poling. Two regression lines were fitted to the oxygen uptake (VO2)-carbon dioxide (VCO2) and minute ventilation (VE)/VO2 data to determine the ventilatory threshold (VT), and to the VCO2-VE and VE/VCO2 data to determine the respiratory compensation threshold (RCT). The first lactate threshold (LT1) was determined by the first rise in BLa (+0.4mmol·L-1 and +1.0mmol·L-1) and a breakpoint in the log-log transformed VO2-BLa data, and the second lactate threshold (LT2) by a fixed rise in BLa above 4mmol·L-1 and by employing the modified Dmax method. Paired-samples t-tests were used to compare the outcome parameters within and between the different threshold methods. The fit of the two regression lines (breakpoint model) used to identify thresholds in the gas exchange data was compared to that of a single regression line, an exponential and a 3rd order polynomial curve (no-breakpoint models) by Akaike weights.ResultsAll outcome parameters identified with the VT (i.e., breakpoints in the VO2-VCO2 or VE/VO2 data) were significantly higher than the ones identified with a fixed rise in BLa (+0.4 or +1.0mmol·L-1) at the LT1 (e.g. BLa: 5.1±2.2 or 4.9±1.8 vs 1.9±0.6 or 2.3±0.5mmol·L-1,p<0.001), but were not significantly different from the log-log transformed VO2-BLa data (4.3±1.6mmol·L-1,p>0.06). The outcome parameters identified with breakpoints in the VCO2-VE data to determine the RCT (e.g. BLa: 5.5±1.4mmol·L-1) were not different from the ones identified with the modified Dmax method at the LT2 (5.5±1.1mmol·L-1) (all p>0.53), but were higher compared to parameters identified with VE/VCO2 method (4.9±1.5mmol·L-1) and a fixed BLa value of 4mmol·L-1 (all p<0.03). Although we were able to determine the VT and RCT via different gas exchange threshold methods with good fit in all 15 participants (mean R2>0.931), the continuous no-breakpoint models had the highest probability (>68%) of being the best models for the VO2-VCO2 and the VCO2-VE data.ConclusionsIn Paralympic athletes who exercise in the upper-body poling mode, the outcome parameters identified at the VT and the ones identified with fixed methods at the LT1 showed large differences, demonstrating that these cannot be used interchangeably to estimate the aerobic threshold. In addition, the close location of the VT, RCT and LT2 does not allow us to distinguish the aerobic and anaerobic threshold, indicating the presence of only one threshold in athletes with a disability exercising in an upper-body mode. Furthermore, the better fit of continuous no-breakpoint models indicates no presence of clear breakpoints in the gas exchange data for most participants. This makes us question if breakpoints in the gas exchange data really exist in an upper-body exercise mode in athletes with disabilities.
| S-EPMC6209185 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The present study aimed to investigate gene expression changes related to cell cycle activation in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to further evaluate the difference between the upper and lower limbs of SCI patients. Fibroblasts were obtained from the upper and lower limbs of SCI patients and healthy subjects. To investigate gene expression profiling in the fibroblasts from SCI patients compared to the healthy subjects, RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis was performed. To validate the parasympathetic effects on cell cycle activation, fibroblasts from upper or lower limbs of SCI patients were treated with the anticholinergic agents tiotropium or acetylcholine, and quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were conducted. Cell proliferation was significantly increased in the upper limbs of SCI patients compared with the lower limbs of SCI patients and healthy subjects. The pathway and genes involved in cell cycle were identified by RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis. Expression of cell-cycle-related genes CCNB1, CCNB2, PLK1, BUB1, and CDC20 were significantly higher in the upper limbs of SCI patients compared with the lower limbs of SCI patients and healthy subjects. When the fibroblasts were treated with tiotropium the upper limbs and acetylcholine in the lower limbs, the expression of cell-cycle-related genes and cell proliferation were significantly modulated. This study provided the insight that cell proliferation and cell cycle activation were observed to be significantly increased in the upper limbs of SCI patients via the parasympathetic effect.
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