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Tryparedoxin peroxidase-deficiency commits trypanosomes to ferroptosis-type cell death.

ABSTRACT: Tryparedoxin peroxidases, distant relatives of glutathione peroxidase 4 in higher eukaryotes, are responsible for the detoxification of lipid-derived hydroperoxides in African trypanosomes. The lethal phenotype of procyclic Trypanosoma brucei that lack the enzymes fulfils all criteria defining a form of regulated cell death termed ferroptosis. Viability of the parasites is preserved by ?-tocopherol, ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1 and deferoxamine. Without protecting agent, the cells display, primarily mitochondrial, lipid peroxidation, loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP depletion. Sensors for mitochondrial oxidants and chelatable iron as well as overexpression of a mitochondrial iron-superoxide dismutase attenuate the cell death. Electron microscopy revealed mitochondrial matrix condensation and enlarged cristae. The peroxidase-deficient parasites are subject to lethal iron-induced lipid peroxidation that probably originates at the inner mitochondrial membrane. Taken together, ferroptosis is an ancient cell death program that can occur at individual subcellular membranes and is counterbalanced by evolutionary distant thiol peroxidases.

SUBMITTER: Bogacz M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6117152 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Tryparedoxin peroxidase-deficiency commits trypanosomes to ferroptosis-type cell death.

Bogacz Marta M Krauth-Siegel R Luise RL

eLife 20180726

Tryparedoxin peroxidases, distant relatives of glutathione peroxidase 4 in higher eukaryotes, are responsible for the detoxification of lipid-derived hydroperoxides in African trypanosomes. The lethal phenotype of procyclic <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i> that lack the enzymes fulfils all criteria defining a form of regulated cell death termed ferroptosis. Viability of the parasites is preserved by α-tocopherol, ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1 and deferoxamine. Without protecting agent, the cells displa ...[more]

PMID: 30047863

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Project description:Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by Leishmania, an intracellular protozoan parasite which possesses a unique thiol metabolism based on trypanothione. Trypanothione is used as a source of electrons by the tryparedoxin/tryparedoxin peroxidase system (TXN/TXNPx) to reduce the hydroperoxides produced by macrophages during infection. This detoxification pathway is not only unique to the parasite but is also essential for its survival; therefore, it constitutes a most attractive drug target. Several forms of TXNPx, with very high sequence identity to one another, have been found in Leishmania strains, one of which has been used as a component of a potential anti-leishmanial polyprotein vaccine. The structures of cytosolic TXN and TXNPx from L. major (LmTXN and LmTXNPx) offer a unique opportunity to study peroxide reduction in Leishmania parasites at a molecular level, and may provide new tools for multienzyme inhibition-based drug discovery. Structural analyses bring out key structural features to elucidate LmTXN and LmTXNPx function. LmTXN displays an unusual N-terminal ?-helix which allows the formation of a stable domain-swapped dimer. In LmTXNPx, crystallized in reducing condition, both the locally unfolded (LU) and fully folded (FF) conformations, typical of the oxidized and reduced protein respectively, are populated. The structural analysis presented here points to a high flexibility of the loop that includes the peroxidatic cysteine which facilitates Cys52 to form an inter-chain disulfide bond with the resolving cysteine (Cys173), thereby preventing over-oxidation which would inactivate the enzyme. Analysis of the electrostatic surface potentials of both LmTXN and LmTXNPx unveils the structural elements at the basis of functionally relevant interaction between the two proteins. Finally, the structural analysis of TXNPx allows us to identify the position of the epitopes that make the protein antigenic and therefore potentially suitable to be used in an anti-leishmanial polyprotein vaccine.

Project description:Typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are peroxidases which regulate cell signaling pathways, apoptosis, and differentiation. These enzymes are obligate homodimers, and can form decamers in solution. During catalysis, Prxs exhibit cysteine-dependent reactivity which requires the deprotonation of the peroxidatic cysteine (C(p)) supported by a lowered pK(a) in the initial step. We present the results of molecular dynamics simulations combined with pKa calculations on the monomeric, dimeric and decameric forms of one typical 2-Cys Prx, the tryparedoxin peroxidase from Trypanosoma cruzi (PDB id, 1uul). The calculations indicate that C(p) (C52) pK(a) values are highly affected by oligomeric state; an unshifted C(p) pK(a) (approximately 8.3, comparable to the pK(a) of isolated cysteine) is calculated for the monomer. In the dimers, starting with essentially identical structures, the C(p)s evolve dynamically asymmetric pK(a)s during the simulations; one subunit's C(p) pK(a) is shifted downward at a time, while the other is unshifted. However, when averaged over time, or multiple simulations, the two subunits within a dimer exhibit the same C(p), showing no preference for a lowered pK(a) in either subunit. Two conserved pathways that communicate the asymmetric pK(a)s between C(p)s of different subunits can be identified. In the decamer, all the C(p) pK(a)s are shifted downward, with slight asymmetry in the dimers which form the decamers. Structural analyses implicate oligomerization effects as responsible for these oligomeric state-dependent C(p) pK(a) shifts. The intra-dimer and the inter-dimer subunit contacts in the decamer restrict the conformations of the side chains of several residues (T49, T54 and E55) calculated to be key in shifting the C(p) pK(a). In addition, the backbone fluctuations of a few residues (M46, D47 and F48) result in a different electrostatic environment for the C(p) in dimers relative to the monomers. These side chain and backbone interactions which contribute to pK(a) modulation indicate the importance of oligomerization to the function of the typical 2-Cys Prxs.

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Tryparedoxin peroxidase-deficiency commits trypanosomes to ferroptosis-type cell death.

Publications

Tryparedoxin peroxidase-deficiency commits trypanosomes to ferroptosis-type cell death.

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