Prevalence and Possible Factors of Myopia in Norwegian Adolescents.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Hagen LA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6128933 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Myopia is a growing concern worldwide, especially among adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of myopia in adolescents aged 12-15 in Shandong Province, China. This cross-sectional study adhered to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines and involved stratified random cluster sampling of 128,678 students from 186 middle schools across 17 cities in Shandong Province. Data collection was conducted from March to April 2024. We excluded students with organic eye diseases, abnormal binocular vision functions, or a history of eye injuries or surgeries. Myopia was assessed using the standard logarithmic visual acuity chart and autorefractor without inducing ciliary muscle paralysis. A comprehensive questionnaire survey was conducted to gather demographic characteristics and daily life behaviors. With the chi-squared test for univariable analysis and multivariable logistic regression for identifying significant factors. This study included 126,375 participants, with a gender distribution of 51.02% male and 48.98% female. The overall prevalence of myopia was 71.34%. Higher prevalence was observed in girls (72.26%) compared to boys (70.45%), and the prevalence increased with age, peaking at 73.12% in 15-year-olds. Urban residents had a higher prevalence (71.86%) than rural (70.39%). Factors such as increased frequency of eye usage while lying down or leaning forward, frequent use of eyes while walking or riding in a car, prolonged screen time, and extended homework duration were associated with higher odds of developing myopia. Conversely, higher frequency of outdoor exercise, maintaining proper posture during reading and writing, greater distance from eyes to screen, and longer sleep duration were associated with lower odds. Additionally, female gender, older age, urban residence, and parental history of myopia increased the risk. The high prevalence of myopia among adolescents in Shandong Province was influenced by a combination of demographic, behavioral, and environmental factors. The study highlighted the importance of lifestyle modifications, such as increasing outdoor activities and maintaining proper visual habits, limiting the duration of screen exposure and homework sessions, and extending sleep duration, to mitigate the risk of developing myopia. These findings underscored the need for targeted public health interventions and educational campaigns to address this significant public health issue.
| S-EPMC11283487 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceGiven the estimates of increasing prevalence of myopia, especially in Asia, it is important to determine the current prevalence of myopia among populations of schoolchildren in Japan.ObjectiveTo investigate the current prevalence rate of myopia and the association between environmental factors and myopia in Japanese schoolchildren.Design, setting, and participantsThis cross-sectional study assessed 1478 participants, including 726 elementary school students and 752 junior high school students, at 2 schools in Tokyo, Japan, who underwent eye examinations from April 1 to May 31, 2017, that included measurement of the refractive errors by autorefractometry with noncycloplegic refraction and ocular biometric factors. After excluding those who had been treated with atropine or orthokeratology (n = 11), had a history of eye disease (n = 2), had no parental consent (n = 41), and were absent (n = 8), 1416 schoolchildren were analyzed.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was the prevalence of myopia and high myopia. Secondary outcomes were environmental factors that were associated with myopia.ResultsA total of 1416 schoolchildren (mean [SD] age, 10.8 [2.7] years; 792 [55.9%] male) were studied. The prevalence rates of myopia (spherical equivalent ≤-0.5 diopters [D]) were 76.5% (95% CI, 73.4%-79.7%) among the elementary school students and 94.9% (95% CI, 93.3%-96.5%) among the junior high school students. The prevalence rates of high myopia (spherical equivalent ≤-6.0 D) were 4.0% (95% CI, 2.5%-5.4%) among the elementary school students and 11.3% (95% CI, 8.8%-13.7%) among the junior high school students. The prevalence rates of high myopia classified based on axial length of 26.0 mm or longer were 1.2% (95% CI, 0.4%-2.0%) among elementary school students and 15.2% (95% CI, 12.5%-17.8%) among junior high school students. Multiple regression analysis showed that higher-order aberrations and dry eye disease were associated with refractive error in elementary school students (spherical aberration: β = 6.152; 95% CI, 3.161-9.143; P < .001; dry eye disease: β = -0.626; 95% CI, -1.189 to -0.063; P = .03) and with axial length in junior high school students (spherical-like aberration: β = 26.546; 95% CI, 18.708-34.385; P < .001; dry eye disease: β = 0.354; 95% CI, 0.131-0.578; P < .002).Conclusions and relevanceAlthough the use of noncycloplegic autorefraction with a cutoff of -0.50 D could lead to overestimation of results, these findings suggest that the current prevalence rates of myopia among elementary and junior high school students in Asia are high, especially if the results from these 2 schools are generalizable to all schoolchildren in Japan and Asia.
| S-EPMC6696729 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To evaluate prevalence and associated factors for myopia in high school students in Beijing.Grade 10 and 11 high school students were randomly selected from nine randomly selected districts of Beijing. The students underwent non-cylcoplegic auto-refractometry and an interview.Out of 4798 eligible students, 4677 (93.4%) students (mean age:16.9±0.7years;range:16-18 years) participated. Mean refractive error of right eyes and left eyes was -2.78±2.29 diopters and -2.59±2.50 diopters, respectively. Prevalence of myopia (defined as ≤ -1.00 diopters in the worse eye) was 80.7% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 79.6-81.8%). Out of 3773 students with myopia, 1525 (40.4%) wore glasses daily. In multiple logistic regression analysis, a higher prevalence of myopia was associated with female sex (odds ratio (OR) = 1.31;95%CI:1.11-1.55), Han ethnicity (OR = 1.64;95%CI:1.28-2.11), attending key schools (OR = 1.48;95%CI:1.24,1.77), higher family income (OR = 1.37;95%CI:1.09-1.71), longer time spent for near work (OR = 1.43;95%CI:1.06-1.93), shorter near work distance (OR = 1.87;95%CI:1.55-2.26), lower frequency of active rest during studying (OR = 1.40;95%CI:1.16-1.70), and parental myopia (OR = 2.28;95%CI:1.80-2.87). The interaction between distance from near work and time spent for near work was statistically (P = 0.03) significant. In multiple logistic regression analysis, higher prevalence of high myopia (≤-6.0 diopters) was associated with studying in key schools (OR = 1.38;95%CI:1.05,1.81), lower frequency of active rest during studying (OR = 1.40;95%CI:1.09,1.79), and a higher number of myopic parents (OR = 2.66;95%CI:2.08,3.40).A prevalence of about 80% for myopia and a prevalence of about 10% for high myopia in students aged 16 to 18 years and attending classes of grade 10 and 11 in a Chinese metropolitan region is another example of the high prevalence of moderate and high myopia in metropolitan areas of China. With this young myopic generation getting older, myopia as cause for visual impairment and blindness may further increase in importance. Future studies may address whether active rests during studying with looking into the distance are preventive against myopia development or progression.
| S-EPMC4372519 | biostudies-other
Project description:ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between sports and the prevalence of myopia in young sports-related groups in Tianjin, China.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, a cluster sampling method was used to survey professional athletes in Tianjin, students at Tianjin University of Sport, and Tianjin Vocational College of Sports. All participants completed epidemiological questionnaires and ophthalmic examinations. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to explore the potential risk factors of myopia.ResultsThis study recruited 1401 participants. The prevalence of myopia was 50.18%. The prevalence of low, moderate, and high myopia were 52.63%, 37.41%, and 9.96%, respectively. There were no sex-related differences in the prevalence of myopia. The odds of having myopia was 1.788 times higher in the indoor sports group than the outdoor sports group (the adjusted odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.391-2.297). Training time of more than 4 h/d (4-6 h/d: OR, 0.539; 95% CI, 0.310-0.938; >6 h/d: OR, 0.466; 95% CI, 0.257-0.844) resulted in a lower risk of myopia. Participants who often used the electronic screen (OR, 1.406; 95% CI, 1.028-1.923) and/or had a family history of myopia (OR, 2.022; 95% CI, 1.480-2.763) were more likely to suffer from myopia.ConclusionsOutdoor sports do not necessarily guarantee to insulate against myopia. Youngsters engaged in outdoor sports had a lower prevalence of myopia than those participating in indoor sports. Electronic screen use, training time, and family history of myopia were also associated with the prevalence of myopia in young sports-related groups.
| S-EPMC9248751 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To investigate knee pain prevalence, associated factors, and functional impairment among adolescents.This was a cross-sectional study conducted between May and June 2014 with a random sample of 619 adolescents aged between 10 and 17 years. Knee pain prevalence was investigated using the Nordic Questionnaire for Osteomuscular Symptoms and a number of independent variables (demographic data, nutritional status, form of carrying backpacks, and pain during and after walking) obtained by self-report questionnaires. Physical impairment of the knee was assessed using the Brazilian version of the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score questionnaire. Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate the ratios of crude and adjusted knee pain association with the investigated factors. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare median functional impairment.Knee pain prevalence over the last 7 days was 22.6%. Factors having significant association with the outcome were: being between 12 and 14 years old (PR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.07-2.58; p<0.01), being between 15 and 17 years old (PR: 2.44; 95% CI: 1.51-3.94; p=0.01), and not doing physical education at school (PR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.35-0.82; p=0.01). Total functional capacity among adolescents with pain was significantly lower among girls (68.7 points; PD±15.1) when compared with boys (74.3 points; PD±12.7) (p=0.02). The mean value of disabling pain was lower (55.1 points; PD±12.3) among adolescents who were physically active in their leisure time compared to those who were insufficiently active (60.4 points; PD±12.4) (p=0.02).The results of this study show that knee pain among adolescents with no previous history should be investigated, particularly among older adolescents who do not have physical education at school, since it is highly prevalent and can result in functional impairment. Regarding functionality, more attention should be given to girls and adolescents who were physically active in their leisure time.
| S-EPMC5537448 | biostudies-other
Project description:This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of subjective halitosis in adolescents. In total, 359,263 participants were selected from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) from 2009 through 2013. Demographic data including age, sex, obesity and residency; psychosocial factors such as subjective health, stress, and economic levels; and dietary factors such as alcohol consumption; smoking; and fruit, soda, fast food, instant noodle, confection, and vegetable consumption were analyzed for correlations with halitosis using simple and multiple logistic regression analyses with complex sampling. In total, 23.6% of the participants reported the presence of halitosis. The following subjectively assessed factors were related to halitosis: poor health status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.56), overweight or obese (AOR = 1.37), stress (AOR = 2.56), and lower economic levels (AOR = 1.85). The high intake of fast food (AOR = 1.15), instant noodles (AOR = 1.17), and confections (AOR = 1.17) and the low intake of fruits (AOR = 1.22) and vegetables (AOR = 1.19) were also related to halitosis. The prevalence of subjective halitosis in the studied adolescents was 23.6%. Specific psychosocial factors and dietary intake were related to halitosis.
| S-EPMC4603949 | biostudies-other
Project description:BACKGROUND:The prevalence of myopia has increased rapidly worldwide over the past few decades. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors for myopia in elementary and junior high school students in Chia-Yi, Taiwan. METHODS:We included 5417 students in total from Grade 1-6 (n?=?4763) and Grade 7-9 (n?=?654) from Chia Yi County in this population-based study. The students underwent noncycloplegic autorefractometry and an interview with a structured questionnaire. RESULTS:For this study population, the prevalence of myopia and high myopia was 42.0 and 2.0%, respectively, revealing a statistically significant increase with increasing age (p?<?0.05). Junior high school students (aged 13-15) showed a greater prevalence of myopia than elementary school students (aged 7-12) (55.8% vs. 40.1%, respectively, p?<?0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that associated factors of myopia were body height (odds ratio [OR]: 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.06), body mass index (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96-1.00), and ocular alignment (horizontal heterophoria vs. orthophoria, OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 2.08-2.70; tropia vs. orthophoria, OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.50-2.52) for elementary school students, whereas in junior high school students, they included body height (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.04) and ocular alignment (heterophoria vs. orthophoria, OR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.56-3.10). CONCLUSIONS:This study provided epidemiological data on myopia in rural school students in Chia-Yi, Taiwan, and demonstrated the association between heterophoria and myopia. Correction of refractive errors in the students remained a challenge.
| S-EPMC7405435 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:The prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors among children in Chongqing has not yet been determined. This study investigated the prevalence of myopia and possible relationships between myopia and several related factors among school children in Chongqing. METHODS:This cross-sectional study assessed a sample of 997 children (7-13?years of age) attending primary school in Chongqing. Data were obtained from visual acuity and refractive error measurements and a structured questionnaire. Myopia was defined as visual acuity <?5.0 and refractive error (spherical equivalent) of < -?0.50 diopters (D) in either eye. Multilevel modeling was applied to investigate potential risk factors. RESULTS:The overall prevalence of myopia was 33.9% [95% confidence interval (CI)?=?31.0-36.8]; myopia prevalence significantly increased with age. Girls were at a higher risk of myopia than boys [odds ratio (OR)?=?1.449, 95% CI?=?1.060-1.979]. Children with paternal myopia (OR?=?2.130, 95% CI?=?1.376-3.297) or maternal myopia (OR?=?1.861, 95% CI =1.153-3.002) had a higher risk of myopia than those without myopic parents. Children who spent more than 1?h daily outdoors were less likely to have myopia; meanwhile, children who did homework more than 3?h daily (OR?=?2.237, 95% CI?=?1.041-4.804), watched television more than 3?h daily (OR?=?2.106, 95% CI?=?1.200-3.697), or played electronics more than 1?h daily (OR?=?2.983, 95% CI?=?2.088-4.262) had a higher risk of myopia. CONCLUSIONS:Myopia in school children is a serious public health problem in Chongqing. Myopia was significantly positively associated with higher age, female sex, parental myopia, and spending a long time indoors; notably, playing with electronics had the greatest influence on the risk of myopia.
| S-EPMC7161106 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceA substantial portion of the public is diagnosed with myopia, which increases the risk of potential sight-threatening complications. The association between study style and the development of myopia is unclear.ObjectiveTo analyze the association between studying in different educational systems and the prevalence and severity of myopia among Jewish male adolescents in Israel.Design, setting, and participantsA nationwide, population-based study was conducted of 22 823 male candidates for military service in Israel aged 17 to 18 years attending the military draft board in 2013 who underwent a medical examination and a visual acuity assessment. Statistical analysis was performed from January 1 to March 31, 2018.ExposuresThe participants studied in 1 of 3 Israeli educational systems: secular, Orthodox, or ultra-Orthodox. The ultra-Orthodox system and, to a lesser extent, the Orthodox system involve intensive reading starting in early childhood compared with the secular system.Main outcomes and measuresThe odds ratio (OR) for the association between educational system and the prevalence and severity of myopia.ResultsAmong the 22 823 participants (mean [SD] age, 17.7 [0.6] years), there was a higher proportion of adolescents in the ultra-Orthodox educational system with myopia (1871 of 2276 [82.2%]) compared with adolescents in the Orthodox educational system (1604 of 3189 [50.3%]) and those in the secular educational system (5155 of 17 358 [29.7%]). Compared with adolescents in the secular educational system, those in the Orthodox educational system were more likely to have myopia (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.1-2.5; P < .001), as were those in the ultra-Orthodox educational system (OR, 9.3; 95% CI, 8.2-10.7; P < .001), after adjustment for age, country of origin, socioeconomic status, years of education, and body mass index. The multivariable adjusted OR for high myopia (refractive error of at least -6.0 diopters) was 4.6 (95% CI, 3.8-5.5; P < .001) for adolescents in the Orthodox educational system and 38.5 (95% CI, 30.7-48.2; P < .001) for adolescents in the ultra-Orthodox educational system compared with adolescents in the secular educational system.Conclusions and relevanceThis study provides evidence of the independent association between educational systems and the prevalence and severity of myopia. Male adolescents in the ultra-Orthodox educational system have higher odds of having myopia and high myopia. These findings suggest that study styles that involve intensive reading and other near-work activities (those done at a short working distance) play a role in the development of myopia and warrant consideration of prevention strategies.
| S-EPMC6547130 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study aimed to identify factors significantly associated with recent depressive mood with respect to health-related behavioral patterns at the individual level, perceived safety in the school environment, and willingness to share concerns with family and social networks. Self-reported responses to questions regarding recent feelings of depression, health-related behaviors in physical, psychological, and spiritual subdomains, school refusal and perceived safety at school, and perceived social support were obtained from 1,991 in-school adolescents (mean [SD] age = 15.3 [1.7] years; male/female = 936/1055). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify explanatory factors significantly associated with recent depression, defined as feelings of sadness or hopelessness for more than 2 weeks (during the last 12 months) that interfered with everyday functioning. Of the 1,991 students, 271 (13.6%) reported recent depression. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed higher odds of recent depression in adolescents with frequent thoughts of school refusal (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 3.25 [2.44-4.32]) and those who engaged in regular physical exercise (1.57 [1.19-2.07]), whereas a positive mindset (0.65 [0.49-0.86]), perceived safety at school (0.62 [0.47-0.82]), and perceived social support from one's mother (0.54 [0.40-0.72]) were associated with lower odds of recent depression. Taken together, our findings suggest that parents and teachers should talk regularly with adolescents about recent life (dis)satisfaction and stressors, particularly when they report frequent thoughts of school refusal. Perceived social support would increase perceived safety on school grounds and make it easier for teenagers to share their concerns with parents, thereby reducing the risk for depressive symptoms. School-based programs that promote a positive mindset would be helpful in preparing students for the challenges of adulthood.
| S-EPMC6795486 | biostudies-literature