Daclizumab Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Bielekova B
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6191370 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Daclizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody of IgG1 subtype that binds to the Tac epitope on the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor α-chain (CD25), thus, effectively blocking the formation of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor. Because the high-affinity IL-2 receptor signaling promotes expansion of activated T cells in vitro, daclizumab was designed as a therapy that selectively inhibits T-cell activation. Assuming the previous statement, daclizumab received regulatory approval as add-on therapy to standard immunosuppressive regimen for the prevention of acute allograft rejection in renal transplantation. Based on its putative mechanism of action (MOA), daclizumab represented an ideal therapy for T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and was subsequently tested in inflammatory uveitis and multiple sclerosis (MS). In both of these diseases, daclizumab therapy significantly inhibited target organ inflammation. Mechanistic studies in MS demonstrated that the MOA of daclizumab is surprisingly broad and that the drug exerts unexpected effects on multiple components of the innate immune system. Specifically, daclizumab dramatically expands and activates immunoregulatory CD56(bright) NK cells, which gain access to the intrathecal compartment in MS and can kill autologous activated T cells. Daclizumab also blocks trans-presentation of IL-2 by mature dendritic cells to primed T cells, resulting in profound inhibition of antigen-specific T cells. Finally, daclizumab modulates the development of innate lymphoid cells. In conclusion, daclizumab therapy, which is currently in phase III testing for inflammatory MS, has a unique MOA that does not limit migration of immune cells into the intrathecal compartment, but rather provides multifactorial immunomodulatory effects with resultant inhibition of MS-related inflammation.
| S-EPMC3557356 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesWe previously reported that daclizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD25, reduced contrast-enhancing lesions (CEL) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who were suboptimal responders to interferon-β and that this response correlated with expansion of CD56(bright) NK cells. These data have been reproduced in a placebo-controlled multicenter trial (CHOICE study). The current study investigates whether daclizumab monotherapy reduces CEL in untreated patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and the effects of daclizumab on the intrathecal immune system.MethodsSixteen patients with RRMS with high inflammatory activity were enrolled in an open-label, baseline-vs-treatment, phase II trial of daclizumab monotherapy for 54 weeks and followed by serial clinical and MRI examinations and immunologic biomarkers measured in the whole blood and CSF.ResultsThe trial achieved predefined outcomes. There was an 87.7% reduction in brain CEL (primary) and improvements in Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (secondary), Scripps Neurologic Rating Scale, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (tertiary) outcomes. There was significant expansion of CD56(bright) NK cells in peripheral blood and CSF, with resultant decrease in T cells/NK cells and B cells/NK cells ratios and IL-12p40 in the CSF. Surprisingly, CD25 Tac epitope was equally blocked on the immune cells in the CSF and in peripheral blood.ConclusionsDaclizumab monotherapy inhibits formation of MS plaques in patients with RRMS and immunoregulatory NK cells may suppress activation of pathogenic immune responses directly in the CNS compartment.Classification of evidenceThe study provides Class III evidence that daclizumab reduces the number of contrast-enhancing lesions in treatment-naive patients with RRMS over a 54-week period.
| S-EPMC3246406 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveNovel treatments such as natalizumab and fingolimod achieve their therapeutic efficacy in multiple sclerosis (MS) by blocking access of subsets of immune cells into the central nervous system, thus creating nonphysiological intrathecal immunity. In contrast, daclizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor, has a unique mechanism of action with multiple direct effects on innate immunity. As cellular intrathecal abnormalities corresponding to MS have been well defined, we asked how daclizumab therapy affects these immunological hallmarks of the MS disease process.MethodsNineteen subpopulations of immune cells were assessed in a blinded fashion in the blood and 50-fold concentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell pellet in 32 patients with untreated relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 22 daclizumab-treated RRMS patients, and 11 healthy donors (HDs) using 12-color flow cytometry.ResultsLong-term daclizumab therapy normalized all immunophenotyping abnormalities differentiating untreated RRMS patients from HDs. Specifically, strong enrichment of adaptive immune cells (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells) in the CSF was reversed. Similarly, daclizumab controlled MS-related increases in the innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and lymphoid tissue inducer cells in the blood and CSF, and reverted the diminished proportion of intrathecal monocytes. The only marker that distinguished daclizumab-treated MS patients from HDs was the expansion of immunoregulatory CD56(bright) NK cells.InterpretationNormalization of immunological abnormalities associated with MS by long-term daclizumab therapy suggests that this drug's effects on ILCs, NK cells, and dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are critical in regulating the MS disease process.
| S-EPMC4435700 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo analyze the spectrum and mechanisms of cutaneous adverse events (AEs) in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with daclizumab high-yield process (DAC-HYP).MethodsA total of 31 participants in an institutional review board-approved open-label phase I study of DAC-HYP (NCT01143441) were prospectively evaluated over 42 months for development of cutaneous AEs. Participants provided written informed consent. Fifteen participants were naive to anti-CD25 therapy (cohort B), while 16 had received daclizumab (Zenapax; Hoffmann-La Roche) IV for 4-9 years (mean 5.8 years) prior to enrollment (cohort A). Immunohistochemistry was performed on pretreatment and posttreatment skin biopsies of normal-appearing skin (cohort B only) and on lesional biopsies in participants presenting with rash (both cohorts).ResultsCutaneous AEs occurred in 77% of patients, the majority presenting with patches of eczema requiring no treatment. Moderate to severe rash developed in 6 participants (19%) and required discontinuation of DAC-HYP in 4 (13%). More severe rashes presented psoriasiform phenotype, but lesional biopsies lacked features of either psoriasis or drug hypersensitivity eruptions. Instead, irrespective of clinical severity, lesional biopsies showed nonspecific features of eczematous dermatitis, but with prominent CD56+ lymphocytic infiltrates. Pretreatment and posttreatment biopsies of normal-appearing skin demonstrated no histopathologic changes.ConclusionsObserved cutaneous AEs are likely related to the immunomodulatory effects DAC-HYP exerts on innate lymphoid cells, including natural killer cells. Vigilance and timely management of skin reactions may prevent treatment discontinuation in participants with severe rash.
| S-EPMC4793779 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory-demyelinating disease of the central nervous system of a putative autoimmune etiology. Although the exact pathogenic mechanisms underlying demyelination and axonal damage in MS are not fully understood, T-cells are believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Daclizumab is a humanized binding monoclonal antibody that binds to the Tac epitope on the α-subunit (CD25) of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, thus effectively blocking the formation of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor, which is expressed mainly on T-cells. A series of clinical trials in patients with relapsing MS demonstrated a profound effect of daclizumab on inflammatory disease activity and improved clinical outcomes compared with placebo or interferon-β, which led to the recent approval of daclizumab (Zinbryta™) for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS. Enhancement of endogenous mechanisms of immune regulation rather than inhibition of effector T-cells might explain the effects of daclizumab in MS. These include expansion and improved function of regulatory CD56bright NK cells, inhibition of the early activation of T-cells through blockade of IL-2 transpresentation by dendritic cells and reduction in the number of intrathecal proinflammatory lymphoid tissue inducer cells. The enhanced efficacy of daclizumab is accompanied by an increased frequency of adverse events and risks of serious adverse events, thus placing it as a second-line therapy and calling for the implementation of a strict risk management program. This review details the mechanisms of action of daclizumab, discusses its efficacy and safety in patients with MS, and provides an insight into the place of this novel therapy in the treatment of MS.
| S-EPMC6053094 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Administration of daclizumab, a humanized mAb directed against the IL-2Ralpha chain, strongly reduces brain inflammation in multiple sclerosis patients. Here we show that daclizumab treatment leads to only a mild functional blockade of CD4(+) T cells, the major candidate in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Instead, daclizumab therapy was associated with a gradual decline in circulating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and significant expansion of CD56(bright) natural killer (NK) cells in vivo, and this effect correlated highly with the treatment response. In vitro studies showed that NK cells inhibited T cell survival in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures by a contact-dependent mechanism. Positive correlations between expansion of CD56(bright) NK cells and contraction of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell numbers in individual patients in vivo provides supporting evidence for NK cell-mediated negative immunoregulation of activated T cells during daclizumab therapy. Our data support the existence of an immunoregulatory pathway wherein activated CD56(bright) NK cells inhibit T cell survival. This immunoregulation has potential importance for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection and toward modification of tumor immunity.
| S-EPMC1458677 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Daclizumab is a monoclonal antibody that reduces inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). Through a retrospective analysis, our objective was to determine whether daclizumab treatment reduces the rate of brain structure atrophy in comparison to a mixture of other disease-modifying therapies (mainly different interferon ? preparations). We analyzed MRI examinations (1332 scans from 70 MS cases) obtained between 2000 and 2011 in a single center and processed with an automated brain segmentation method. We used mixed-effects multivariable linear regression models to determine whether a median of 4.3 years of daclizumab therapy in 26 patients altered rates of brain-volume change, controlling for variations in MRI protocol. The control group consisted of 44 patients not treated with daclizumab. We found that supratentorial brain volume declined by 5.17 ml per year (95% confidence limits: 3.58-6.77) off daclizumab therapy. On daclizumab, the annual rate of volume loss decreased to 3.72 ml (p=0.01). The rate of ventricular enlargement decreased from 1.26 to 0.42 ml per year (p<0.001). Focused analysis suggests that reduction in gray matter atrophy rate most likely underlies these results. In summary, in this retrospective analysis, daclizumab therapy substantially decreased the rate of brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting MS in comparison to other disease-modifying therapies, predominantly interferon ?.
| S-EPMC3619446 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Daclizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to the α subunit (CD25) of the interleukin-2 receptor and favorably modulates the immune environment in multiple sclerosis (MS). Blockage of CD25, among other effects, causes expansion and enhanced function of regulatory CD56bright natural killer cells, which seems to be the leading mechanism of action in MS. Phase II and III clinical trials have demonstrated that monthly subcutaneous injections of daclizumab high yield process (DAC HYP) 150 mg in patients with relapsing MS led to a significant reduction of annualized relapse rate and decreased number of contrast-enhanced lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment with DAC HYP had efficacy superior to treatment with weekly injections of interferon β1a. This review summarizes the development of and clinical experience with daclizumab in MS.
| S-EPMC5400154 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Daclizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed towards CD25, the alpha subunit of the high-affinity interleukin (IL)-2 receptor. Daclizumab exerts its effects via multiple mechanisms, including reduction of IL-2-mediated lymphocyte activation and upregulation of CD56-bright natural killer cells. Intravenous daclizumab (Zenapax™) was initially approved for prevention of rejection in renal transplant. In subsequent early testing, followed by larger-scale phase II and phase III trials, both intravenous and subcutaneous daclizumab have demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The subcutaneous daclizumab prepared by high-yield process was utilized in the advanced phase II and phase III trials (SELECT and DECIDE). High-yield process daclizumab is now approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, and is now formally termed daclizumab beta (DAC-beta; Zinbryta™). In this review, the early development of anti-IL-2 receptor alpha monoclonal antibodies and the properties of IL-2 and its receptor are discussed, and diverse mechanisms of action for daclizumab are presented. Results of the CHOICE, SELECT, and DECIDE clinical trials are discussed in detail. Adverse events observed in clinical trials included cutaneous reactions, liver enzyme elevations, infections, and autoimmune phenomena. DAC-beta is a monthly, patient-administered subcutaneous injection that requires enrollment in a safety monitoring (REMS) program for monthly liver function testing. Prescribers should be aware of the potential adverse events, as early recognition and management is important, particularly in cutaneous and hepatic reactions. Continued clinical experience with DAC-beta, including observations from the REMS program, will define its place in the armamentarium of immunotherapeutics for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
| S-EPMC5722760 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Despite the availability of multiple disease-modifying therapies for relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS), there remains a need for highly efficacious targeted therapy with a favorable benefit-risk profile and attributes that encourage a high level of treatment adherence. Daclizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against CD25, the ? subunit of the high-affinity interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor, that reversibly modulates IL-2 signaling. Daclizumab treatment leads to antagonism of proinflammatory, activated T lymphocyte function and expansion of immunoregulatory CD56(bright) natural killer cells, and has the potential to, at least in part, rectify the imbalance between immune tolerance and autoimmunity in relapsing MS. The clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of subcutaneous daclizumab have been evaluated extensively in a large clinical study program. In pivotal studies, daclizumab demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing clinical and radiologic measures of MS disease activity compared with placebo or intramuscular interferon beta-1a, a standard-of-care therapy for relapsing MS. The risk of hepatic disorders, cutaneous events, and infections was modestly increased. The monthly subcutaneous self-injection dosing regimen of daclizumab may be advantageous in maintaining patient adherence to treatment, which is important for optimal outcomes with MS disease-modifying therapy. Daclizumab has been approved in the US and in the European Union and represents an effective new treatment option for patients with relapsing forms of MS, and is currently under review by other regulatory agencies.
| S-EPMC5026217 | biostudies-other