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Amino acid-specific ?¹⁵N trophic enrichment factors in fish fed with formulated diets varying in protein quantity and quality.

ABSTRACT: Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of amino acids (AAs) in consumer tissues is a developing technique with wide-ranging applications for identifying nitrogen (N) sources and estimating animal trophic level. Controlled experiments are essential for determining which dietary conditions influence variability in N stable isotopes (?¹⁵N) trophic enrichment factors in bulk tissue (TEF_bulk) and AAs (TEF_AA). To date, however, studies have not independently evaluated the effect of protein quantity and quality (digestibility) on TEFs, complicating the application of AA-?¹⁵N values for estimating trophic levels. We conducted a 98-d feeding experiment using five formulated isoenergetic feeds prepared with a high-quality protein source to evaluate the effect of protein quantity and quality on TEFs of liver and muscle tissues of juvenile Pacific yellowtail (Seriola lalandi), a carnivorous fish species. We decreased protein digestibility using well-established protocols that do not change AA profiles. Growth rates were higher in diets with higher protein content, and isotopic equilibrium was reached for both fish tissues and all treatments. Protein quantity and quality influenced isotope discrimination depending on tissue type and AA. In liver tissue, bulk TEFs showed a limited but significant relationship with protein quality, but did not differ with protein quantity or quality in muscle. None of the pre-established source AAs (Lys, Met, Phe, and Gly) TEFs varied significantly with protein quantity or quality in liver tissue. However, in muscle tissue, TEF_Phe increased significantly with protein content and decreased in response to reduced digestibility, indicating it may not serve as proxy for baseline isotopic values used to calculate trophic level. Among trophic AAs, TEF_Leu decreased significantly with increasing protein quantity in liver tissue, while both Leu and Ile TEFs decreased with lower protein digestibility in muscle tissue. Our results indicate that CSIA-AA in liver tissue provides more robust source and trophic AA-?¹⁵N values than in muscle.

SUBMITTER: Nuche-Pascual MT

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6194260 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Amino acid-specific δ15N trophic enrichment factors in fish fed with formulated diets varying in protein quantity and quality.

Nuche-Pascual M Teresa MT Lazo Juan Pablo JP Ruiz-Cooley Rocío I RI Herzka Sharon Z SZ

Ecology and evolution 20180730 18

Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of amino acids (AAs) in consumer tissues is a developing technique with wide-ranging applications for identifying nitrogen (N) sources and estimating animal trophic level. Controlled experiments are essential for determining which dietary conditions influence variability in N stable isotopes (δ15N) trophic enrichment factors in bulk tissue (TEFbulk) and AAs (TEFAA). To date, however, studies have not independently evaluat ...[more]

PMID: 30377494

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Project description:Reflux of urine from the cloaca into the ceca provides chickens with a mechanism for recycling of urinary-Nitrogen (N) in a way analogous to urea recycling in mammals. However, it is unknown if reflux has substantial relevance in current poultry husbandry, where birds are fed ad libitum and have high protein intake. To evaluate the fate of urinary-N in ad libitum-fed broiler chickens, 15-day-old broilers were assigned to a high (21.9% CP, n = 22) or low (10.2 % CP, n = 22) protein diet. At 25 d of age, 20 broilers per dietary treatment were infused into the cloaca with a pulse dose of 107 mg [1,3-15N]-uric acid. N-contents and 15N-enrichment in digesta, blood plasma, and body tissues were measured at 5, 30, 60, 90, 150, 300, 450, 600, 1,200, or 1,800 min after administration (n = 2 /time-point /diet). Two broilers per dietary treatment were infused with saline and served as control to analyze background 15N-enrichment. The average total recovery (% of infused (w/w)) of 15N from infused uric acid in all body tissues was low (2.9 ± 0.62 %), of which the largest proportion was found in carcass tissue (2.5 ± 0.60%). 15N-enrichment was greatest in intestinal tissues. Even at 1,200 min, 15N-enrichment of ceca (0.46 ± 0.169 APE) and colon (0.13 ± 0.159 APE) digesta was considerably exceeding background enrichment. 15N-enrichment in excess of background enrichment in cecum and colon digesta (10-fold, P < 0.05), and 15N recovery in intestinal tissues (4-fold, P < 0.01) were greater in birds fed the low protein diet compared with the high protein diet, speculatively pointing out differences in the occurrence of reflux, incorporation of uric acid-N derivatives in intestinal tissues by first-pass metabolism, and a prolonged digesta retention time in protein deficient birds. In conclusion, these data confirm that uric acid-N infused in the cloaca can be refluxed and used for body N-deposition, but its contribution to whole body protein metabolism in broilers is probably limited.

Project description:Aerial insectivorous birds have suffered steep population declines in North America over the last 60 years. A lack of information on migratory connectivity between breeding and non-breeding grounds for these species limits our ability to interpret factors affecting their population-specific trends. We determined likely Latin American non-breeding regions of Bank (Riparia riparia), Barn (Hirundo rustica) and Cliff (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) swallow from populations across their breeding ranges. We used predicted feather hydrogen (δ2Hf) and carbon (δ13Cf) isoscapes for winter-grown feathers to indicate areas of highest probability of moult origin and incorporated these results into a cluster analysis to determine likely broad non-breeding regions. We also assessed variation in wing length among populations to determine the potential for this metric to differentiate population moult origins. We then investigated patterns of multi-isotopic (δ2Hf, δ13Cf, δ15Nf) and wing-length niche occupancy by quantifying niche size and overlap among populations under the assumption that broad niches were consistent with low within-species migratory connectivity and narrow and non-overlapping niches with higher connectivity. Multivariate assignment identified different non-breeding regions and potential clusters of moult origin generally corresponding to Central America and northern South America, eastern and south-central South America, and the western and southern part of that continent, with variation within and among populations and species. Separate niche space indicated different wintering habitat or areas used by species or populations whereas niche overlap indicated only potential spatial similarity. Wing length varied significantly among populations by species, being longer in the west and north for Bank and Cliff Swallow and longer in eastern Canadian Barn Swallow populations. Barn Swallow occupied consistently larger isotopic and wing length niche space than the other species. Comparisons among populations across species showed variable isotopic and wing-length niche overlap generally being greater within breeding regions and lower between western and eastern breeding populations supporting a general North American continental divide for all species with generally low migratory connectivity for all species. We present a novel approach to assessing connectivity using inexpensive and broad isotopic approaches that provides the basis for hypothesis testing using more spatially explicit expensive techniques.

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Amino acid-specific ?¹⁵N trophic enrichment factors in fish fed with formulated diets varying in protein quantity and quality.

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Amino acid-specific δ<sup>15</sup>N trophic enrichment factors in fish fed with formulated diets varying in protein quantity and quality.

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Amino acid-specific ?15N trophic enrichment factors in fish fed with formulated diets varying in protein quantity and quality.

Publications

Amino acid-specific δ<sup>15</sup>N trophic enrichment factors in fish fed with formulated diets varying in protein quantity and quality.

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OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

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Amino acid-specific ?¹⁵N trophic enrichment factors in fish fed with formulated diets varying in protein quantity and quality.