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Multi-dimensional flow cytometry analysis reveals increasing changes in the systemic neutrophil compartment during seven consecutive days of endurance exercise.

ABSTRACT: Endurance exercise is associated with a transient increase in neutrophil counts in the peripheral blood. Here we investigate the impact of intensified endurance exercise on the neutrophil compartment. We hypothesized that intensified endurance exercise leads to mobilization of neutrophil subsets, which are normally absent in the blood. Furthermore, we followed the potential build-up of neutrophil activation and the impact on overnight recovery of the neutrophil compartment during a seven-day cycling tour. The neutrophil compartment was studied in 28 healthy amateur cyclists participating in an eight-day strenuous cycling tour. Blood samples were taken at baseline, after 4 days and after 7 days of cycling. The neutrophil compartment was analyzed in terms of numbers and its phenotype by deep phenotyping of flow cytometry data with the multi-dimensional analysis method FLOOD. Repeated endurance exercise led to a gradual increase in total neutrophil counts over the days leading to a 1.26 fold-increase (95%CI 1.01-1.51 p = 0.0431) in the morning of day 8. Flow cytometric measurements revealed the appearance of 2 additional neutrophil subsets: CD16brightCD62Ldim and CD16dimCD62Lbright. A complex change in neutrophil phenotypes was present characterized by decreased expression of both CD11b and CD62L and marked increased expression of LAIR-1, VLA-4 and CBRM1/5. The changes in expression were found on all neutrophils present in the blood. Strikingly, in strong contrast to our findings during acute inflammation evoked by LPS challenge, these neutrophils did not upregulate classical degranulation markers. In fact, our FLOOD analysis revealed that the exercise induced neutrophil phenotype did not overlap with the neutrophil subsets arising upon acute inflammation. In conclusion, during multiple days of endurance exercise the neutrophil compartment does not regain homeostasis overnight. Thereby our study supports the concept of a build-up of inflammatory cues during repeated endurance exercise training, causing a prolonged change of the systemic neutrophil compartment.

SUBMITTER: van Staveren S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6207321 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Multi-dimensional flow cytometry analysis reveals increasing changes in the systemic neutrophil compartment during seven consecutive days of endurance exercise.

van Staveren Selma S Ten Haaf Twan T Klöpping Margot M Hilvering Bart B Tinnevelt Gerjen H GH de Ruiter Karin K Piacentini Maria F MF Roelands Bart B Meeusen Romain R de Koning Jos J JJ Jansen Jeroen J JJ Vrisekoop Nienke N Koenderman Leo L

PloS one 20181030 10

Endurance exercise is associated with a transient increase in neutrophil counts in the peripheral blood. Here we investigate the impact of intensified endurance exercise on the neutrophil compartment. We hypothesized that intensified endurance exercise leads to mobilization of neutrophil subsets, which are normally absent in the blood. Furthermore, we followed the potential build-up of neutrophil activation and the impact on overnight recovery of the neutrophil compartment during a seven-day cyc ...[more]

PMID: 30376575

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Project description:The purpose of this study was to investigate the alterations in serum heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 levels during a 15-consecutive-day intermittent heat-exercise protocol in a 29-year-old male ultra marathon runner. Heat acclimation, for the purpose of physical activities in elevated ambient temperatures, has numerous physiological benefits including mechanisms such as improved cardiac output, increased plasma volume and a decreased core temperature (T (c)). In addition to the central adaptations, the role of Hsp during heat acclimation has received an increasing amount of attention. The acclimation protocol applied was designed to correspond with the athlete's tapering period for the 2007 Marathon Des Sables. The subject (VO(2)max = 50.7 ml.kg(-1).min(-1), peak power output [PPO] = 376 W) cycled daily for 90 min at a workload corresponding to 50% of VO(2)max in a temperature-controlled room (average WBGT = 31.9 +/- 0.9 degrees C). Venous blood was sampled before and after each session for measurement of serum osmolality and serum Hsp70. In addition, T (c), heart rate (HR) and power output (PO) was measured throughout the 90 min to ensure that heat acclimation was achieved during the 15-day period. The results show that the subject was successfully heat acclimated as seen by the lowered HR at rest and during exercise, decreased resting and exercising T (c) and an increased PO. The heat exercise resulted in an initial increase in Hsp70 concentrations, known as thermotolerance, and the increase in Hsp70 after exercise was inversely correlated to the resting values of Hsp70 (Spearman's rank correlation = -0.81, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the 15-day heat-exercise protocol also increased the basal levels of Hsp70, a response different from that of thermotolerance. This is, as far as we are aware, the first report showing Hsp70 levels during consecutive days of intermittent heat exposure giving rise to heat acclimation. In conclusion, a relatively longer heat acclimation protocol is suggested to obtain maximum benefit of heat acclimation inclusive of both cellular and systemic adaptations.

Project description:ObjectiveExercise training has several well-established health benefits, including many related to body weight, appetite control, and blood glucose homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms and, in particular, the hormonal systems that mediate and integrate these beneficial effects are poorly understood. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the role of the hormone ghrelin and its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR; ghrelin receptor), in mediating the effects of exercise on food intake and blood glucose following exercise as well as in regulating exercise endurance capacity.MethodsWe used two mouse models of treadmill running to characterize the changes in plasma ghrelin with exercise. We also assessed the role of the ghrelin system to influence food intake and blood glucose after exercise, exercise endurance, and parameters potentially linked to responses to exercise. Mice lacking GHSRs (GHSR-null mice) and wild-type littermates were studied.ResultsAn acute bout of exercise transiently elevated plasma acyl-ghrelin. Without the action of this increased ghrelin on GHSRs (as in GHSR-null mice), high intensity interval exercise markedly reduced food intake compared to control mice. The effect of exercise to acutely raise blood glucose remained unmodified in GHSR-null mice. Exercise-induced increases in plasma ghrelin positively correlated with endurance capacity, and time to exhaustion was reduced in GHSR-null mice as compared to wild-type littermates. In an effort to mechanistically explain their reduced exercise endurance, exercised GHSR-null mice exhibited an abrogated sympathoadrenal response, lower overall insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, and altered glycogen utilization.ConclusionsExercise transiently increases plasma ghrelin. GHSR-null mice exhibit decreased food intake following high intensity interval exercise and decreased endurance when submitted to an exercise endurance protocol. These data suggest that an intact ghrelin system limits the capacity of exercise to restrict food intake following exercise, although it enhances exercise endurance.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Hepcidin is an iron regulating hormone, and exercise-induced hepcidin elevation is suggested to increase the risk of iron deficiency among athletes. OBJECTIVE:We compared serum hepcidin responses to resistance exercise and endurance (cycling) exercise. METHODS:Ten males [mean ± standard error: 172 ± 2 cm, body weight: 70 ± 2 kg] performed three trials: a resistance exercise trial (RE), an endurance exercise trial (END), and a rest trial (REST). The RE consisted of 60 min of resistance exercise (3-5 sets × 12 repetitions, 8 exercises) at 65% of one repetition maximum, while 60 min of cycling exercise at 65% of [Formula: see text] was performed in the END. Blood samples were collected before exercise and during a 6-h post-exercise (0h, 1h, 2h, 3h, 6h after exercise). RESULTS:Both RE and END significantly increased blood lactate levels, with significantly higher in the RE (P < 0.001). Serum iron levels were significantly elevated immediately after exercise (P < 0.001), with no significant difference between RE and END. Both the RE and END significantly increased serum growth hormone (GH), cortisol, and myoglobin levels (P < 0.01). However, exercise-induced elevations of GH and cortisol were significantly greater in the RE (trial × time: P < 0.001). Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were significantly elevated after exercise (P = 0.003), with no significant difference between the trials. Plasma hepcidin levels were elevated after exercise (P < 0.001), with significantly greater in the RE (463 ± 125%) than in the END (137 ± 27%, P = 0.03). During the REST, serum hepcidin and plasma IL-6 levels did not change significantly. CONCLUSION:Resistance exercise caused a greater exercise-induced elevation in hepcidin than did endurance (cycling) exercise. The present findings indicate that caution will be required to avoid iron deficiency even among athletes in strength (power) types of events who are regularly involved in resistance exercise.

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Multi-dimensional flow cytometry analysis reveals increasing changes in the systemic neutrophil compartment during seven consecutive days of endurance exercise.

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Multi-dimensional flow cytometry analysis reveals increasing changes in the systemic neutrophil compartment during seven consecutive days of endurance exercise.

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