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A cortico-cerebellar loop for motor planning.

ABSTRACT: Persistent and ramping neural activity in the frontal cortex anticipates specific movements1-6. Preparatory activity is distributed across several brain regions7,8, but it is unclear which brain areas are involved and how this activity is mediated by multi-regional interactions. The cerebellum is thought to be primarily involved in the short-timescale control of movement9-12; however, roles for this structure in cognitive processes have also been proposed13-16. In humans, cerebellar damage can cause defects in planning and working memory13. Here we show that persistent representation of information in the frontal cortex during motor planning is dependent on the cerebellum. Mice performed a sensory discrimination task in which they used short-term memory to plan a future directional movement. A transient perturbation in the medial deep cerebellar nucleus (fastigial nucleus) disrupted subsequent correct responses without hampering movement execution. Preparatory activity was observed in both the frontal cortex and the cerebellar nuclei, seconds before the onset of movement. The silencing of frontal cortex activity abolished preparatory activity in the cerebellar nuclei, and fastigial activity was necessary to maintain cortical preparatory activity. Fastigial output selectively targeted the behaviourally relevant part of the frontal cortex through the thalamus, thus closing a cortico-cerebellar loop. Our results support the view that persistent neural dynamics during motor planning is maintained by neural circuits that span multiple brain regions17, and that cerebellar computations extend beyond online motor control13-15,18.

SUBMITTER: Gao Z

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6212318 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A cortico-cerebellar loop for motor planning.

Gao Zhenyu Z Davis Courtney C Thomas Alyse M AM Economo Michael N MN Abrego Amada M AM Svoboda Karel K De Zeeuw Chris I CI Li Nuo N

Nature 20181017 7729

Persistent and ramping neural activity in the frontal cortex anticipates specific movements1-6. Preparatory activity is distributed across several brain regions7,8, but it is unclear which brain areas are involved and how this activity is mediated by multi-regional interactions. The cerebellum is thought to be primarily involved in the short-timescale control of movement9-12; however, roles for this structure in cognitive processes have also been proposed13- ...[more]

PMID: 30333626

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Project description:The robust, reciprocal anatomical connections between the cerebellum and contralateral sensorimotor cerebral hemisphere underscores the strong physiological interdependence between these two regions in relation to human behavior. Previous studies have shown that damage to sensorimotor cortex can result in a lasting reduction of cerebellar metabolism, the magnitude of which has been linked to poor rehabilitative outcomes. A better understanding of movement-related cerebellar physiology as well as cortico-cerebellar coherence (CCC) in the chronic, post-stroke state may be key to developing novel neuromodulatory techniques that promote upper limb motor rehabilitation. As a part of the first in-human phase-I trial investigating the effects of deep brain stimulation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus (DN) on chronic, post-stroke motor rehabilitation, we collected invasive recordings from DN and scalp EEG in subjects (both sexes) with middle cerebral artery stroke during a visuo-motor tracking task. We investigated the excitability of ipsilesional cortex, DN and the their interaction as a function of motor impairment and performance. Our results indicate that 1) event-related oscillations in the ipsilesional cortex and DN were significantly correlated at movement onset in the low-β band, with moderately and severely impaired subjects showing desynchronization and synchronization, respectively. 2) Significant CCC was observed during isometric 'hold' period in the low-β band, which was critical for maintaining task accuracy. Our findings support a strong coupling between ipsilesional cortex and DN in the low-β band during motor control across all impairment levels which encourages the exploitation of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway as a neuromodulation target to promote rehabilitation.Significance Statement:Cerebral infarct due to stroke can lead to lasting reduction in cerebellar metabolism resulting in poor rehabilitative outcomes. Thorough investigation of the cerebellar electrophysiology as well as cortico-cerebellar connectivity in humans that could provide key insights to facilitate development of novel neuromodulatory technologies, has been lacking. As a part of the first in-human phase-I trial investigating deep brain stimulation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus (DN) for chronic, post-stroke motor rehabilitation, we collected invasive recordings from DN and scalp EEG while stroke patients performed a motor task. Our data indicate strong coupling between ipsilesional sensorimotor cortex and DN in the low-β band across all impairment levels encouraging the exploration of electrical stimulation of the DN.

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A cortico-cerebellar loop for motor planning.

Publications

A cortico-cerebellar loop for motor planning.

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