Decrease in Incidence of Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer Before Recent Increase.
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SUBMITTER: Murphy CC
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6279567 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundEvidence is emerging that the incidence of colorectal cancer is increasing in young adults, but the descriptive epidemiology required to better understand these trends is currently lacking.MethodsA population-based cohort study was carried out including all adults aged 20-49?years diagnosed with colorectal cancer in England between 1974 and 2015. Data were extracted from the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service database using ICD-9/10 codes for colorectal cancer. Temporal trends in age-specific incidence rates according to sex, anatomical subsite, index of multiple deprivation quintile and geographical region were analysed using Joinpoint regression.ResultsA total of 56?134 new diagnoses of colorectal cancer were analysed. The most sustained increase in incidence rate was in the group aged 20-29?years, which was mainly driven by a rise in distal tumours. The magnitude of incident rate increases was similar in both sexes and across Index of Multiple Deprivation quintiles, although the most pronounced increases in incidence occurred in the southern regions of England.ConclusionColorectal cancer should no longer be considered a disease of older people. Changes in incidence rates should be used to inform future screening policy, preventative strategies and research agendas, as well as increasing public understanding that younger people need to be aware of the symptoms of colorectal cancer.
| S-EPMC7155067 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality has been declining in the U.S. Despite success in reducing CRC incidence, incidence of early-onset CRC has increased markedly. In this study, we identified age-related disparities in CRC incidence and mortality, and investigated differences in anatomical distribution of colon cancers between populations.MethodsCRC trends were evaluated using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program Data from 1980-2016 for individuals under age 50 and 50 years and older. Rates and ratios were calculated using SEER∗Stat. Regression analyses were calculated using Joinpoint.ResultsIncreased CRC incidence among individuals under age 50 was observed. Among individuals under age 50, incidence-based mortality (IBM) stabilized, while incidence and IBM decreased for individuals aged 50 years and older. Normalized trends indicated increased rectal cancer incidence for individuals under age 50, particularly among individuals aged 30-39. Similar incidence of proximal and distal colon cancers in individuals under age 50 was observed, while colon cancers in individuals aged 50 and older were primarily distal.ConclusionsWe found age-related disparities in CRC incidence and IBM between individuals under age 50 and age 50 years and older. Increasing incidence rates of rectal cancer substantially accounts for this disparity among individuals under age 50. The escalating trends of early-onset CRC warrant investigation into the factors leading to the population-level trends.
| S-EPMC6885269 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundDespite a better understanding of the increasing incidence of young-onset colorectal cancer (yCRC; age at diagnosis <50 years), little is known about its economic burden. Therefore, we estimated direct medical spending on yCRC before and after diagnosis.MethodsWe used linked administrative health databases in British Columbia, Canada, to create a study population of yCRC and average-age onset colorectal cancer (aCRC; age at diagnosis ≥50 years) cases, along with cancer-free controls. Over the 1-year period preceding a colorectal cancer diagnosis, we estimated direct medical spending on hospital visits, healthcare practitioners, and prescription medications. After diagnosis, we calculated cost attributable to yCRC and aCRC, which additionally included the cost of cancer treatments (e.g., chemotherapy and radiotherapy) across phases of care.ResultsWe included 1,058 yCRC (45.4% females; age at diagnosis 42.4 ± 6.2 years) and 12,619 aCRC (44.8% females; age at diagnosis of 68.1 ± 9.2 years) cases. Direct medical spending on the average yCRC and aCRC case during the year before diagnosis was $6,711 and $8,056, respectively. After diagnosis, the overall average annualized cost attributable to yCRC significantly differed in comparison with aCRC for the initial ($50,216 vs. $37,842; P < 0.001), continuing ($8,361 vs. $5,014; P < 0.001), and end-of-life cancer phase ($86,125 vs. $61,512; P < 0.001) but not end-of-life non-cancer phase ($77,273 vs. $23,316; P = 0.372).ConclusionsReported cost estimates may be used as inputs for future economic evaluations pertaining to yCRC.ImpactWe provided comprehensive cost estimates for healthcare spending on young-onset colorectal cancer.
| S-EPMC10774739 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The incidence of sporadic young-onset colorectal cancer (yCRC) is increasing. A significant knowledge gap exists in the gut microbiota and its diagnostic value for yCRC patients. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, 728 samples are collected to identify microbial markers, and an independent cohort of 310 samples is used to validate the results. Furthermore, species-level and functional analysis are performed by metagenome sequencing using 200 samples. Gut microbial diversity is increased in yCRC. Flavonifractor plautii is an important bacterial species in yCRC, while genus Streptococcus contains the key phylotype in the old-onset colorectal cancer. Functional analysis reveals that yCRC has unique characteristics of bacterial metabolism characterized by the dominance of DNA binding and RNA-dependent DNA biosynthetic process. The random forest classifier model achieves a powerful classification potential. This study highlights the potential of the gut microbiota biomarkers as a promising non-invasive tool for the accurate detection and distinction of individuals with yCRC.
| S-EPMC8604900 | biostudies-literature
Project description:GOALS:To investigate trends in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and survival among Hispanics in Texas. BACKGROUND:The incidence of CRC is rising among young adults in the United States. Given Texas' large Hispanic population, investigating CRC trends in Texas may provide valuable insight into the future of CRC epidemiology in an ever-diversifying US population. STUDY:Data from the Texas Cancer Registry (1995 to 2010) were used to calculate age-adjusted CRC rates based on the 2000 US standard population. Annual percentage change (APC) and 5-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates were reported by age, race/ethnicity, stage, and anatomic location. RESULTS:Of 123,083 CRC cases, 11% occurred in individuals below 50 years old, 26% of whom were Hispanic. Incidence was highest among African Americans (AAs; 76.3/100,000), followed by non-Hispanic whites (NHWs; 60.2/100,000) and Hispanics (50.8/100,000). Although overall CRC incidence declined between 1995 and 2010 (APC, -1.8%; P<0.01), trends differed by age and race/ethnicity. Among individuals 50 years and above, the rate of decline was statistically significant among NHWs (APC, -2.4%; P<0.01) and AAs (APC, -1.3%; P<0.01) but not among Hispanics (APC, -0.6%; P=0.13). In persons aged 20 to 39 years, CRC incidence rose significantly among Hispanics (APC, 2.6%; P<0.01) and NHWs (APC, 2.4%; P<0.01), but not AAs (APC, 0.3%; P=0.75). CSS rates among Hispanics and NHWs were comparable across most age groups and cancer stages, whereas CSS rates among AAs were generally inferior to those observed among NHWs and Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS:Although CRC incidence has declined in Texas, it is rising among young Hispanics and NHWs while declining more slowly among older Hispanics than among older NHWs and AAs.
| S-EPMC5157697 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Importance:Colorectal cancer screening rates are suboptimal, particularly among sociodemographically disadvantaged groups. Objective:To examine whether guaranteed money or probabilistic lottery financial incentives conditional on completion of colorectal cancer screening increase screening uptake, particularly among groups with lower screening rates. Design, Setting, and Participants:This parallel, 3-arm randomized clinical trial was conducted from March 13, 2017, through April 12, 2018, at 21 medical centers in an integrated health care system in western Washington. A total of 838 age-eligible patients overdue for colorectal cancer screening who completed a questionnaire that confirmed eligibility and included sociodemographic and psychosocial questions were enrolled. Interventions:Interventions were (1) mail only (n?=?284; up to 3 mailings that included information on the importance of colorectal cancer screening and screening test choices, a fecal immunochemical test [FIT], and a reminder letter if necessary), (2) mail and monetary (n?=?270; mailings plus guaranteed $10 on screening completion), or (3) mail and lottery (n?=?284; mailings plus a 1 in 10 chance of receiving $50 on screening completion). Main Outcomes and Measures:The primary outcome was completion of any colorectal cancer screening within 6 months of randomization. Secondary outcomes were FIT or colonoscopy completion within 6 months of randomization. Intervention effects were compared across sociodemographic subgroups and self-reported psychosocial measures. Results:A total of 838 participants (mean [SD] age, 59.7 [7.2] years; 546 [65.2%] female; 433 [52.2%] white race and 101 [12.1%] Hispanic ethnicity) were included in the study. Completion of any colorectal screening was not significantly higher for the mail and monetary group (207 of 270 [76.7%]) or the mail and lottery group (212 of 284 [74.6%]) than for the mail only group (203 of 284 [71.5%]) (P?=?.11). For FIT completion, interventions had a statistically significant effect (P?=?.04), with a net increase of 7.7% (95% CI, 0.3%-15.1%) in the mail and monetary group and 7.1% (95% CI, -0.2% to 14.3%) in the mail and lottery group compared with the mail only group. For patients with Medicaid insurance, the net increase compared with mail only in FIT completion for the mail and monetary or the mail and lottery group was 37.7% (95% CI, 11.0%-64.3%) (34.2% for the mail and monetary group and 40.4% for the mail and lottery group) compared with a net increase of only 5.6% (95% CI, -0.9% to 12.2%) among those not Medicaid insured (test for interaction P?=?.03). Conclusions and Relevance:Financial incentives increased FIT uptake but not overall colorectal cancer screening. Financial incentives may decrease screening disparities among some sociodemographically disadvantaged groups. Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00697047.
| S-EPMC6789432 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundWith recent evidence for the increasing risk of young-onset colorectal cancer (yCRC), we had the objective to evaluate the incidence of yCRC in 1-year age increments, particularly focusing around the screening age of 50 years.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal study using linked administrative health databases in British Columbia, Canada, including a provincial cancer registry, inpatient and outpatient visits, and vital statistics from January 1, 1986, to December 31, 2016. We calculated incidence rates per 100 000 at every age from 20 to 60 years and estimated annual percent change in incidence (APCi) of yCRC using joinpoint regression analysis.ResultsWe identified 3614 individuals with yCRC (49.9% women). The incidence of CRC steadily increased from 20 to 60 years, with a marked increase from 49 to 50 years (incidence rate ratio = 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04 to 1.34). Furthermore, there was a trend of increased incidence of yCRC among women (APCi = 0.79%, 95% CI = 0.22% to 1.36%) and men (APCi = 2.17%, 95% CI = 1.59% to 2.76%). Analyses stratified by age yielded APCis of 2.49% (95% CI = 1.36% to 3.63%) and 0.12% (95% CI = -0.54% to 0.79%) for women aged 30-39 years and 40-49 years, respectively, and 2.97% (95% CI = 1.65% to 4.31%) and 1.86% (95% CI = 1.19% to 2.53%) for men.ConclusionsOur findings indicate a steady increase over 1-year age increments in the risk of yCRC during the years approaching and beyond screening age. These findings highlight the need to raise awareness as well as continue discussions regarding considerations of lowering the screening age.
| S-EPMC8246802 | biostudies-literature
Project description:With an increasing trend of patients with young-onset colorectal cancer (CRC), risks of second primary cancers (SPCs) among them become a concerning issue. We aimed to define the detailed risk and site-distributed patterns of SPCs in young CRC individuals (age ?50). A population-based cohort were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database between 1973 and 2013. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and absolute excess risk (AER) were calculated to assess the risk for SPCs compared with the general population. A total of 44,106 patients, including 3245 (7.4%) the young and 40,861 (92.6%) the old, developed 50,679 secondary malignancies subsequently. With increased age, the risk of secondary cancers gradually decreased. A significant 44% excess risk of SPCs was observed in the young (SIR = 1.44, AER = 34.23), while a slightly increased risk was noted in the old (SIR = 1.02, AER = 4.29). For young survivors, the small intestine (SIR = 8.49), bile ducts (SIR = 3.77), corpus, and uterus (SIR = 2.45) were the most common sites of SPCs. Significantly, excess SIRs in the young were persisted regardless of other factors. For the young, secondary cancer-related deaths were responsible for 51.2% of overall deaths and secondary stomach, liver and bile, pancreas cancers were top three causes. An excessive risk of SPCs existed in young CRC survivors, and this trend was consistent among different subgroups. We hope our findings may inform future targeted screening strategies among young-onset CRC survivors.
| S-EPMC5911632 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosed before age 50 years, or young-onset CRC, is increasing globally with undefined etiology. A sedentary lifestyle is an emerging risk factor for CRC after age 50 years, but its role in young-onset CRC is unknown.MethodsWe prospectively evaluated sedentary behaviors, primarily time watching television (TV), and risk of young-onset CRC among 89 278 women in the Nurses' Health Study II ages 25-42 years at recruitment (1991-2011). We used Cox proportional hazards modelling to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical tests were two-sided.ResultsWe documented 118 young-onset CRCs over 1 262 540 person-years. Sedentary TV viewing time was statistically significantly associated with increased risk of young-onset CRC, after adjusting for putative risk factors, including obesity and physical activity. Compared 7 hours, women with 7.1-14 hours per week of TV time had a multivariable relative risk (RR) of 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.72 to 1.75), further increased for greater than14 hours per week (RR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.07 to 2.67, P trend = .03). This association was observed among participants without a CRC family history and was more pronounced for rectal cancer (RR for >14 vs <7 hours per week 2.44, 95% CI = 1.03 to 5.78, P trend = .04). Overweight or obese participants may be more susceptible.ConclusionIndependent of exercise and obesity, prolonged sedentary TV viewing time, a surrogate for a more inactive lifestyle, was associated with increased risk of young-onset CRC, particularly of the rectum. These findings provide further evidence on the importance of maintaining an active lifestyle.
| S-EPMC6361621 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundRecent data suggest that the risk of young-onset colorectal cancer (yCRC), in adults less than 50?years of age, is increasing. To confirm findings and identify contemporary trends worldwide, we conducted a systematic review of studies examining population-level trends in yCRC epidemiology.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE (1946-2018), EMBASE (1974-2018), CINAHL (1982-2018), and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2005-2018) for studies that used an epidemiologic design, assessed trends in yCRC incidence or prevalence, and published in English. Extracted information included country, age cut-off for yCRC, and reported trends in incidence or prevalence (e.g. annual percent change [APC]). We pooled similarly reported trend estimates using random effects models.ResultsOur search yielded 8695 articles and after applying our inclusion criteria, we identified 40 studies from 12 countries across five continents. One study assessed yCRC prevalence trends reporting an APCp of +?2.6 and?+?1.8 among 20-39 and 40-49?year olds, respectively. 39 studies assessed trends in yCRC incidence but with substantial variability in reporting. Meta-analysis of the most commonly reported trend estimate yielded a pooled overall APCi of +?1.33 (95% CI, 0.97 to 1.68; p <?0.0001) that is largely driven by findings from North America and Australia. Also contributing to these trends is the increasing risk of rectal cancer as among 14 studies assessing cancer site, nine showed an increased risk of rectal cancer in adults less than 50?years with APCi up to +?4.03 (p <?0.001).ConclusionsOur systematic review highlights increasing yCRC risk in North America and Australia driven by rising rectal cancers in younger adults over the past two decades.
| S-EPMC7137305 | biostudies-literature