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Void spot assay: recommendations on the use of a simple micturition assay for mice.

ABSTRACT: Investigators have for decades used mouse voiding patterns as end points for studying behavioral biology. It is only recently that mouse voiding patterns were adopted for study of lower urinary tract physiology. The spontaneous void spot assay (VSA), a popular micturition assessment tool, involves placing a mouse in an enclosure lined by filter paper and quantifying the resulting urine spot pattern. The VSA has advantages of being inexpensive and noninvasive, but some investigators challenge its ability to distinguish lower urinary tract function from behavioral voiding. A consensus group of investigators who regularly use the VSA was established by the National Institutes of Health in 2015 to address the strengths and weaknesses of the assay, determine whether it can be standardized across laboratories, and determine whether it can be used as a surrogate for evaluating urinary function. Here we leverage experience from the consensus group to review the history of the VSA and its uses, summarize experiments to optimize assay design for urinary physiology assessment, and make best practice recommendations for performing the assay and analyzing its results.

SUBMITTER: Hill WG

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6293303 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Void spot assay: recommendations on the use of a simple micturition assay for mice.

Hill Warren G WG Zeidel Mark L ML Bjorling Dale E DE Vezina Chad M CM

American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 20180829 5

Investigators have for decades used mouse voiding patterns as end points for studying behavioral biology. It is only recently that mouse voiding patterns were adopted for study of lower urinary tract physiology. The spontaneous void spot assay (VSA), a popular micturition assessment tool, involves placing a mouse in an enclosure lined by filter paper and quantifying the resulting urine spot pattern. The VSA has advantages of being inexpensive and noninvasive, but some investigators challenge its ...[more]

PMID: 30156116

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Project description:The initial reaction mechanism of energetic materials under impact loading and the role of crystal properties in impact initiation and sensitivity are still unclear. In this paper, we report reactive molecular dynamics simulations of shock initiation of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) crystals containing a cube void. Shock-induced void collapse, hot spots formation and growth, as well as spalling are revealed to be dependent on the shock velocity. The void collapse times are 1.5 and 0.7 ps, for the shock velocity of 2 and 4 km·s-1, respectively. Results indicate that the initial hot spot formation consists of two steps: one is the temperature rise caused by local plastic deformation and the other is the temperature increase resulting from the collision of upstream and downstream particles during the void collapse. Whether hot spots will continue to grow or quench depends on sensitive balance between energy release caused by local physical and chemical reactions and various heat dissipation mechanisms. In our simulations, hot spot would grow for U p = 4 km·s-1; hot spot is weak to some extent for U p = 2 km·s-1. The tensile wave reflected by the shock wave after reaching the free surface causes the spalling, which depends on the initial shock velocity. Typical spalling occurs for the shock velocity 2 km·s-1, while the tensile wave induces the microsplit region in RDX crystals in the case of U p = 4 km·s-1. Chemical reactions are studied for Rankine-Hugoniot shock pressures P s = 14.4, 57.8 GPa. For the weak shock, there is almost no decomposition reaction of the RDX molecules near the spalling region. On the contrary, there are large number of small molecule products, such as H2O, CO2, NO2, and so forth, around the microsplit regions for the strong shock. The ruptures of N-NO2 bond are the main initial reaction mechanisms for the shocked RDX crystal and are not affected by shock strength, while the microsplit slows down the decomposition rate of RDX. The work in this paper can shed light on a thorough understanding of thermal ignition, hot spot growth, and other physical and chemical phenomena of energetic materials containing voids under impact loading.

Dataset Information

Void spot assay: recommendations on the use of a simple micturition assay for mice.

Publications

Void spot assay: recommendations on the use of a simple micturition assay for mice.

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