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Breastfeeding duration modifies the effect of smoking during pregnancy on eczema from early childhood to adolescence.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Cigarette smoke contains compounds similar to coal tar, an ancient remedy of eczema. Some studies have reported protective effects of maternal gestational smoking on offspring eczema; however, others have shown no or increased risks. Similarly, studies linking breastfeeding duration and eczema have demonstrated contradictory findings. No study has yet investigated combined effects of these two factors on eczema. OBJECTIVE:Since tobacco compounds can pass to offspring via breast milk, we investigated their combined effects on eczema development from childhood to adolescence. METHODS:We obtained information regarding gestational smoking, exclusive breastfeeding duration, and eczema at ages 1-or-2, 4, 10, and 18 years from the Isle of Wight (IOW) birth cohort, UK. Using generalized estimating equations, we assessed the interaction of gestational smoking and residual exclusive breastfeeding duration (Resid-BF-duration, obtained by regressing the latter on maternal smoking) on eczema over time adjusting for confounders. For the three transition periods of 1-or-2 to 4 years, 4-10, and 10-18 years, we estimated risks of persistent, incident, and remitting eczema associated with the interaction using repeated measurements. RESULTS:If the mother smoked during gestation, longer Resid-BF-duration was associated with a lower risk of eczema, compared to if she did not smoke. The risk ratios (95% CI) if the mother smoked during gestation and exclusively breastfed for at least 3, 9, 15, 21 weeks are 0.7 (0.6, 1.7), 0.6 (0. 4, 0.9), 0.5 (0.3, 0.8), and 0.4 (0.2, 0. 8), respectively. Additionally, in all three transition periods, the risk of persistent eczema was lower with longer Resid-BF-duration if the mother smoked during gestation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE:Results suggest a protective effect of gestational smoking combined with longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding on early-onset persistent eczema. Future studies should examine underlying biological mechanisms. Prolonged breastfeeding should be encouraged even if the mother smoked during gestation.

SUBMITTER: Mukherjee N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6309780 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Breastfeeding duration modifies the effect of smoking during pregnancy on eczema from early childhood to adolescence.

Mukherjee Nandini N Sutter Thomas R TR Arshad Syed Hasan SH Holloway John W JW Holloway John W JW Zhang Hongmei H Karmaus Wilfried W

Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 20181201 12

<h4>Background</h4>Cigarette smoke contains compounds similar to coal tar, an ancient remedy of eczema. Some studies have reported protective effects of maternal gestational smoking on offspring eczema; however, others have shown no or increased risks. Similarly, studies linking breastfeeding duration and eczema have demonstrated contradictory findings. No study has yet investigated combined effects of these two factors on eczema.<h4>Objective</h4>Since tobacco compounds can pass to offspring vi ...[more]

PMID: 30311981

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Project description:BackgroundOffspring of obese rodents develop a metabolic phenotype that favors fat deposition. Data regarding the impact of maternal obesity programing of offspring fuel usage in humans is scarce.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to explore the association between maternal weight status and dietary palmitate oxidation (DPO) in 2-y-old offspring, taking into consideration potential confounders and modifiers.MethodsWomen (n = 56) were enrolled by the first trimester of gestation. Maternal physical activity (PA; measured with accelerometers) at enrollment and gestational weight gain (GWG) were measured. Offspring sex, race, and breastfeeding (BF) duration were self-reported. Human milk (HM) composition was determined at 6 mo postpartum. At age 2 y, dietary quality [healthy eating index (HEI)] and parental feeding practices [Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ)] were assessed. DPO in 2-y-olds (2-yo-DPO) was measured using deuterated palmitic acid. Generalized linear regression analysis was used to model the associations of 2-yo-DPO with maternal weight status [normal weight (NW), BMI <25 (in kg/m2) compared with excessive weight (EW), BMI ≥25].ResultsDPO was higher in offspring of women with EW compared with NW (2.1 ± 1.2%/h compared with 1.4 ± 0.7%/h, P = 0.03). Maternal weight status interacted with BF duration in association with 2-yo-DPO (log ß: 0.05, P = 0.04). Specifically, 2-yo-DPO was higher in the EW compared with NW group if BF duration was ≥9 mo. HM insulin (log ß: 0.35, P = 0.002) and HM leptin (log ß: 0.81, P = 0.001) concentrations directly associated with 2-yo-DPO. PA (log ß: 0.06, P = 0.013), parental feeding restriction (log ß: 0.05, P < 0.0001), and male sex (log ß: 0.54, P < 0.001) were positively associated with 2-yo-DPO. HEI was negatively associated with 2-yo-DPO (log ß:-0.03, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsHigher 2-yo-DPO in offspring of women with EW compared with NW were driven by BF duration. Higher HM insulin and leptin concentrations in women with EW may explain these finding. More studies are needed to confirm these results. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03281850.

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Breastfeeding duration modifies the effect of smoking during pregnancy on eczema from early childhood to adolescence.

Publications

Breastfeeding duration modifies the effect of smoking during pregnancy on eczema from early childhood to adolescence.

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