Dataset Information

Breastfeeding duration modifies the effect of smoking during pregnancy on eczema from early childhood to adolescence.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Cigarette smoke contains compounds similar to coal tar, an ancient remedy of eczema. Some studies have reported protective effects of maternal gestational smoking on offspring eczema; however, others have shown no or increased risks. Similarly, studies linking breastfeeding duration and eczema have demonstrated contradictory findings. No study has yet investigated combined effects of these two factors on eczema. OBJECTIVE:Since tobacco compounds can pass to offspring via breast milk, we investigated their combined effects on eczema development from childhood to adolescence. METHODS:We obtained information regarding gestational smoking, exclusive breastfeeding duration, and eczema at ages 1-or-2, 4, 10, and 18 years from the Isle of Wight (IOW) birth cohort, UK. Using generalized estimating equations, we assessed the interaction of gestational smoking and residual exclusive breastfeeding duration (Resid-BF-duration, obtained by regressing the latter on maternal smoking) on eczema over time adjusting for confounders. For the three transition periods of 1-or-2 to 4 years, 4-10, and 10-18 years, we estimated risks of persistent, incident, and remitting eczema associated with the interaction using repeated measurements. RESULTS:If the mother smoked during gestation, longer Resid-BF-duration was associated with a lower risk of eczema, compared to if she did not smoke. The risk ratios (95% CI) if the mother smoked during gestation and exclusively breastfed for at least 3, 9, 15, 21 weeks are 0.7 (0.6, 1.7), 0.6 (0. 4, 0.9), 0.5 (0.3, 0.8), and 0.4 (0.2, 0. 8), respectively. Additionally, in all three transition periods, the risk of persistent eczema was lower with longer Resid-BF-duration if the mother smoked during gestation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE:Results suggest a protective effect of gestational smoking combined with longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding on early-onset persistent eczema. Future studies should examine underlying biological mechanisms. Prolonged breastfeeding should be encouraged even if the mother smoked during gestation.

SUBMITTER: Mukherjee N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6309780 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Breastfeeding duration modifies the effect of smoking during pregnancy on eczema from early childhood to adolescence.

Mukherjee Nandini N Sutter Thomas R TR Arshad Syed Hasan SH Holloway John W JW Holloway John W JW Zhang Hongmei H Karmaus Wilfried W

Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 20181201 12

<h4>Background</h4>Cigarette smoke contains compounds similar to coal tar, an ancient remedy of eczema. Some studies have reported protective effects of maternal gestational smoking on offspring eczema; however, others have shown no or increased risks. Similarly, studies linking breastfeeding duration and eczema have demonstrated contradictory findings. No study has yet investigated combined effects of these two factors on eczema.<h4>Objective</h4>Since tobacco compounds can pass to offspring vi ...[more]

PMID: 30311981

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Project description:By age 5, approximately one-fifth of children have early childhood caries (ECC). Both the oral microbiome and host genetics are thought to influence susceptibility. Whether the oral microbiome modifies genetic susceptibility to ECC has not been tested. We test whether the salivary bacteriome modifies the association of a polygenic score (PGS, a score derived from genomic data that summarizes genetic susceptibility to disease) for primary tooth decay on ECC in the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia 2 longitudinal birth cohort. Children were genotyped using the Illumina Multi-Ethnic Genotyping Array and underwent annual dental examinations. We constructed a PGS for primary tooth decay using weights from an independent, genome-wide association meta-analysis. Using Poisson regression, we tested for associations between the PGS (high versus low) and ECC incidence, adjusting for demographic characteristics (n = 783). An incidence-density sampled subset of the cohort (n = 138) had salivary bacteriome data at 24 mo of age. We tested for effect modification of the PGS on ECC case status by salivary bacterial community state type (CST). By 60 mo, 20.69% of children had ECC. High PGS was not associated with an increased rate of ECC (incidence rate ratio, 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83-1.42). However, having a cariogenic salivary bacterial CST at 24 mo was associated with ECC (odds ratio [OR], 7.48; 95% CI, 3.06-18.26), which was robust to PGS adjustment. An interaction existed between the salivary bacterial CST and the PGS on the multiplicative scale (P = 0.04). The PGS was associated with ECC (OR, 4.83; 95% CI, 1.29-18.17) only among individuals with a noncariogenic salivary bacterial CST (n = 70). Genetic causes of caries may be harder to detect when not accounting for cariogenic oral microbiomes. As certain salivary bacterial CSTs increased ECC risk across genetic risk strata, preventing colonization of cariogenic microbiomes would be universally beneficial.

Project description:BackgroundBy age five approximately one-fifth of children have early childhood caries (ECC). Both the oral microbiome and host genetics are thought to influence susceptibility. Whether the oral microbiome modifies genetic susceptibility to ECC has not been tested. We test whether the salivary bacteriome modifies the association of a polygenic score (PGS, a score derived from genomic data that summarizes genetic susceptibility to disease) for primary tooth decay on ECC in the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia 2 longitudinal birth cohort.MethodsChildren were genotyped using the Illumina Multi-Ethnic Genotyping Array and underwent annual dental examinations. We constructed a PGS for primary tooth decay using weights from an independent, genome-wide association meta-analysis. Using Poisson regression, we tested for associations between the PGS (high versus low) and ECC incidence, adjusting for demographic characteristics (n=783). An incidence-density sampled subset of the cohort (n=138) had salivary bacteriome data at 24- months of age. We tested for effect modification of the PGS on ECC case status by salivary bacterial community state type (CST).ResultsBy 60-months, 20.69% of children had ECC. High PGS was not associated with an increased rate of ECC (incidence-rate ratio:1.09 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.83, 1.42)). However, having a cariogenic salivary bacterial CST at 24-months was associated with ECC (odds ratio (OR): 7.48 (95%CI: 3.06, 18.26)), which was robust to PGS adjustment. An interaction existed between the salivary bacterial CST and the PGS on the multiplicative scale (P= 0.04). The PGS was associated with ECC (OR: 4.83 (95% CI: 1.29, 18.17)) only among individuals with a noncariogenic salivary bacterial CST (n=70).ConclusionsGenetic causes of caries may be harder to detect when not accounting for cariogenic oral microbiomes. As certain salivary bacterial CSTs increased ECC-risk across genetic-risk strata, preventing colonization of cariogenic microbiomes would be universally beneficial.

Dataset Information

Breastfeeding duration modifies the effect of smoking during pregnancy on eczema from early childhood to adolescence.

Publications

Breastfeeding duration modifies the effect of smoking during pregnancy on eczema from early childhood to adolescence.

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