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Contents Changes of Triterpenic Acids, Nucleosides, Nucleobases, and Saccharides in Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) Fruit During the Drying and Steaming Process.

ABSTRACT: Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba), a medicinal and edible plant, is widely consumed in Asian countries owing to the remarkable health activities of its fruits. To facilitate selection of the suitable processing method for jujube fruits, in this study their contents of triterpenic acids, nucleosides, nucleobases and saccharides after drying and steaming treatment were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector methods. The results showed that except for sucrose, the content levels of most analytes were increasing in the jujube fruits during drying treatment at 45 °C. The levels of cyclic nucleotides such as adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, were significantly decreased after the fruits were steamed. Therefore, owing to the bioactivities of these components for human health, the dried fruits would be the better choice as medicinal material or functional food, and dried jujube fruit should not be further steamed.

SUBMITTER: Guo S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6332246 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Contents Changes of Triterpenic Acids, Nucleosides, Nucleobases, and Saccharides in Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) Fruit During the Drying and Steaming Process.

Guo Sheng S Duan Jin-Ao JA Zhang Ying Y Qian Dawei D Tang Yuping Y Zhu Zhenhua Z Wang Hanqing H

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 20151212 12

Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba), a medicinal and edible plant, is widely consumed in Asian countries owing to the remarkable health activities of its fruits. To facilitate selection of the suitable processing method for jujube fruits, in this study their contents of triterpenic acids, nucleosides, nucleobases and saccharides after drying and steaming treatment were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative l ...[more]

PMID: 26703531

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Project description:BackgroundAmong several TF families unique to eukaryotes, the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family is one of the most important. Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a popular fruit tree species in Asia, and its fruits are rich in sugar, vitamin C and so on. Analysis of the bZIP gene family of jujube has not yet been reported. In this study, ZjbZIPs were identified firstly, their expression patterns were further studied in different tissues and in response to various abiotic and phytoplasma stresses, and their protein-protein interactions were also analyzed.ResultsAt the whole genome level, 45 ZjbZIPs were identified and classified into 14 classes. The members of each class of bZIP subfamily contain a specific conserved domain in addition to the core bZIP conserved domain, which may be related to its biological function. Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU) analysis displayed low values of NTA and NCG codons in ZjbZIPs, which would be beneficial to increase the protein production and also indicated that ZjbZIPs were at a relative high methylation level. The paralogous and orthologous events occurred during the evolutionary process of ZjbZIPs. Thirty-four ZjbZIPs were mapped to but not evenly distributed among 10 pseudo- chromosomes. 30 of ZjbZIP genes showed diverse tissue-specific expression in jujube and wild jujube trees, indicating that these genes may have multiple functions. Some ZjbZIP genes were specifically analyzed and found to play important roles in the early stage of fruit development. Moreover, some ZjbZIPs that respond to phytoplasma invasion and abiotic stress environmental conditions, such as salt and low temperature, were found. Based on homology comparisons, prediction analysis and yeast two-hybrid, a protein interaction network including 42 ZjbZIPs was constructed.ConclusionsThe bioinformatics analyses of 45 ZjbZIPs were implemented systematically, and their expression profiles in jujube and wild jujube showed that many genes might play crucial roles during fruit ripening and in the response to phytoplasma and abiotic stresses. The protein interaction networks among ZjbZIPs could provide useful information for further functional studies.

Project description:BackgroundJujube is a typical fruit tree species from China. 'Muzao', a cracking-susceptible cultivar, and 'Linhuang No. 1', a cracking-resistant cultivar, were selected in a previous study as contrasting research materials. Whole-genome resequencing and transcriptomic analysis of 'Linhuang No. 1' and 'Muzao' allowed the identification of differentially expressed genes with different gene structures between the two cultivars and could be helpful in explaining the differences and similarities between the two cultivars.ResultsResequencing identified 664,129 polymorphic variable sites between 'Linhuang No. 1' and 'Muzao'. To determine the genetic relationship among 'Linhuang No. 1', 'Muzao' and the jujube genome reference cultivar 'Dongzao', the characteristic polymorphic variable sites were analysed by principal component analysis. The genetic relationship between 'Linhuang No. 1' and 'Muzao' was closer than that of either variety and 'Dongzao'. Nineteen differentially expressed genes were identified by combining transcriptomic analysis with resequencing analysis. LOC107427052 (encoding a nitrite reductase) was identified by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis for further study. The identified insertion was not in the domain region of the LOC107427052 gene coding sequence (CDS) region and was verified by the finding that the insertion did not affect translation of the protein. The LOC107427052 gene expression levels, nitrite reductase activities and nitrite contents of 'Muzao' were significantly higher than the corresponding values of 'Linhuang No. 1' at the young fruit stage. There was no significant difference in the quantity of the product of nitrite reductase, namely, ammonia, between the two cultivars.ConclusionsThe present study was the first to explore the differences between different jujube cultivars ('Linhuang No. 1' and 'Muzao') by combining genome resequencing and transcriptomics. LOC107427052 (encoding a nitrite reductase) was characterized by KEGG enrichment analysis. The insertion in the CDS region of the LOC107427052 gene provides a new direction for the study of nitrogen metabolism in jujube. Our study has laid a foundation for the comparative analysis of nitrite metabolism between the jujube cultivars 'Linhuang No. 1' and 'Muzao'.

Dataset Information

Contents Changes of Triterpenic Acids, Nucleosides, Nucleobases, and Saccharides in Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) Fruit During the Drying and Steaming Process.

Publications

Contents Changes of Triterpenic Acids, Nucleosides, Nucleobases, and Saccharides in Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) Fruit During the Drying and Steaming Process.

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