Dataset Information

Avoidance response to CO2 in the lateral horn.

ABSTRACT: In flies, the olfactory information is carried from the first relay in the brain, the antennal lobe, to the mushroom body (MB) and the lateral horn (LH). Olfactory associations are formed in the MB. The LH was ascribed a role in innate responses based on the stereotyped connectivity with the antennal lobe, stereotyped physiological responses to odors, and MB silencing experiments. Direct evidence for the functional role of the LH is still missing. Here, we investigate the behavioral role of the LH neurons (LHNs) directly, using the CO2 response as a paradigm. Our results show the involvement of the LH in innate responses. Specifically, we demonstrate that activity in two sets of neurons is required for the full behavioral response to CO2. Tests of the behavioral response to other odors indicate the neurons are selective to CO2 response. Using calcium imaging, we observe that the two sets of neurons respond to CO2 in a different manner. Using independent manipulation and recording of the two sets of neurons, we find that the one that projects to the superior intermediate protocerebrum (SIP) also outputs to the local neurons within the LH. The design of simultaneous output at the LH and the SIP, an output of the MB, allows for coordination between innate and learned responses.

SUBMITTER: Varela N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6336243 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Avoidance response to CO2 in the lateral horn.

Varela Nélia N Gaspar Miguel M Dias Sophie S Vasconcelos Maria Luísa ML

PLoS biology 20190117 1

In flies, the olfactory information is carried from the first relay in the brain, the antennal lobe, to the mushroom body (MB) and the lateral horn (LH). Olfactory associations are formed in the MB. The LH was ascribed a role in innate responses based on the stereotyped connectivity with the antennal lobe, stereotyped physiological responses to odors, and MB silencing experiments. Direct evidence for the functional role of the LH is still missing. Here, we investigate the behavioral role of the ...[more]

PMID: 30653496

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Project description:Concomitant medial meniscus posterior horn root tears and lateral meniscus posterior horn root tears are rare in occurrence. There is limited literature on the simultaneous repair of medial and lateral meniscus root tears, with ACL reconstruction. We discuss management of concomitant medial meniscus posterior horn root tear (MMPHRT), lateral meniscus posterior horn root tear (LMPHRT), and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear. We highlight the surgical technique in which we perform a repair of both medial and lateral meniscus posterior horn root repairs with ACL reconstruction. We explain the sequence of such a repair to avoid tunnel coalescence. Technique Video Video 1 The patient is in the supine position with the knee in near extension with valgus stress applied. Pie crusting of the medial collateral ligament is performed to improve the visualization of the medial meniscus posterior horn root (MMPHR) tear. FiberTape (Arthrex, Naples, FL) and FiberWire 2-0 (Arthrex) are passed through the remnant of the medial meniscus root using an antegrade suture passing device; Firstpass Mini (Smith & Nephew, London UK). The tape and sutures are passed with an antegrade suture passer, working from the anteromedial portal and visualizing from the anterolateral portal. The footprint for the MMPHR is prepared, and a guide wire is passed using a low-profile jig set at 50°. The MMPHR tunnel is reamed with a 4.5-mm reamer. The suture and tape passed through the MMPHR are shuttled out and pulled out through the tibia tunnel. With the MMPHR reduced, three all-inside devices; Fastfix 360 (Smith & Nephew) are used to repair the complex horizontal meniscus tear and the posteromedial junction radial tear. These stitches—two to the posterior capsule and the third to the posteromedial capsule—helps to reinforce the medial meniscus to the posterior capsule. We then proceed to do the LMPHRT repair. In a figure-of-four positions, lateral meniscus posterior root tear is visualized. The footprint of the lateral meniscus root is prepared. FiberTape (Arthrex) and FibreWire 2-0 (Arthrex) are passed through the remnant of the lateral meniscus root using an antegrade suture passing device; Firstpass Mini (Smith & Nephew). The FiberTape is introduced through the anteromedial portal and the FiberWire is also introduced through the anteromedial portal (Fig 3C). This is to obtain the best trajectory to pass the suture through good meniscus tissue. A guide wire is inserted at the footprint of the LMPHR using a low-profile jig set at 50°. The LMPHR tunnel is reamed using a 4.5-mm reamer. The FiberTape and the FiberWire pulled out through the LMPHR tunnel. This is followed by ACL reconstruction and passage of ACL graft. The orientation of the tunnel in the proximal tibia from medial to lateral are the MMPHR tunnel, LMPHR tunnel, and ACL tunnel. The medial and lateral meniscus roots are tensioned individually and tied over the cortical button, following which, the ACL graft is fixed with a tibial interference screw.

Dataset Information

Avoidance response to CO2 in the lateral horn.

Publications

Avoidance response to CO2 in the lateral horn.

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