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Development of behavioural automaticity by extended Pavlovian training in an insect.

ABSTRACT: The effect of repetitive training on learned actions has been a major subject in behavioural neuroscience. Many studies of instrumental conditioning in mammals, including humans, suggested that learned actions early in training are goal-driven and controlled by outcome expectancy, but they become more automatic and insensitive to reduction in the value of the outcome after extended training. It was unknown, however, whether the development of value-insensitive behaviour also occurs by extended training of Pavlovian conditioning in any animals. Here we show that crickets Gryllus bimaculatus that had received minimal training to associate an odour with water (unconditioned stimulus, US) did not exhibit conditioned response (CR) to the odour when they were given water until satiation before the test, but those that had received extended training exhibited CR even when they were satiated with water. Further pharmacological experiments suggested that octopamine neurons, the invertebrate counterparts of noradrenaline neurons, mediate US value signals and control execution of CR after minimal training, but the control diminishes with the progress of training and hence the CR becomes insensitive to US devaluation. The results suggest that repetitive sensory experiences can lead to a change from a goal-driven response to a more automatic one in crickets.

SUBMITTER: Mizunami M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6367177 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Development of behavioural automaticity by extended Pavlovian training in an insect.

Mizunami Makoto M Hirohata Sho S Sato Ai A Arai Ryoichi R Terao Kanta K Sato Misato M Matsumoto Yukihisa Y

Proceedings. Biological sciences 20190101 1894

The effect of repetitive training on learned actions has been a major subject in behavioural neuroscience. Many studies of instrumental conditioning in mammals, including humans, suggested that learned actions early in training are goal-driven and controlled by outcome expectancy, but they become more automatic and insensitive to reduction in the value of the outcome after extended training. It was unknown, however, whether the development of value-insensitive behaviour also occurs by extended t ...[more]

PMID: 30963861

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Project description:Individual differences in Pavlovian approach predict differences in devaluation sensitivity. Recent studies indicate goal-tracking (GT) rats are sensitive to outcome devaluation while sign-tracking (ST) rats are not. With extended training in Pavlovian lever autoshaping (PLA), GT rats display more lever-directed behavior, typical of ST rats, suggesting they may become insensitive to devaluation with more Pavlovian training experience. Here, we use a within-subject satiety-induced outcome devaluation procedure to test devaluation sensitivity after limited and extended PLA training in GT and ST rats. We trained rats in PLA to determine GT and ST groups. Then, we sated rats on either the training pellets (devalued condition) or homecage chow (valued condition) prior to brief non-reinforced test sessions after limited (sessions 5/6) and extended (sessions 17/18) PLA training. GT rats decreased conditioned responding under devalued relative to valued conditions after both limited and extended training, demonstrating they are sensitive to satiety devaluation regardless of the amount of PLA training. While ST rats were insensitive to satiety devaluation after limited training, their lever directed behavior became devaluation sensitive after extended training. To determine whether sign-tracking rats also displayed sensitivity to illness-induced outcome devaluation after extended training, we trained a separate cohort of rats in extended PLA and devalued the outcome with lithium chloride injections after pellet consumption in the homecage. ST rats failed to decrease conditioned responding after illness-induced outcome devaluation, while Non-ST rats (GT and intermediates) were sensitive to illness-induced outcome devaluation after extended training. Together, our results confirm devaluation sensitivity is stable in GT rats across training and devaluation approaches. Extended training unmasks devaluation sensitivity in ST rats after satiety, but not illness-induced devaluation, suggesting ST rats respond appropriately by decreasing responding to cues during state-dependent but not inference-based devaluation. The differences in behavioral flexibility across tracking groups and devaluation paradigms have translational relevance for the understanding state- vs. inference-based reward devaluation as it pertains to drug addiction vulnerability.

Project description:In appetitive Pavlovian conditioning, experience with a conditional relationship between a cue [conditioned stimulus (CS)] and a reward [unconditioned stimulus (US)] bestows CS with the ability to promote adaptive behavior patterns. Different features of US (e.g., identity-specific sensory, general motivational) can be encoded by CS based on the nature of the CS-US relationship experienced (e.g., temporal factors such as training amount) and the content of association may determine the influence of CS over behavior (e.g., mediated learning, conditioned reinforcement). The content of association changed with varying conditioning factors, thereby altering behavioral consequences, however, has never been addressed in relevant brain signals evoked by CS. Our previous study found that phospholipase C β1-knockout (PLCβ1-KO) mice display persistent mediated learning over the extended course of odor-sugar conditioning, and that wild-type (WT) mice lose mediated learning sensitivity after extended training. In this study, in order to see whether this behavioral difference between these two genotypes comes from a difference in the course of association content, we examined whether odor CS can evoke the taste sensory representation of an absent sugar US after minimal- and extended training in these mice. In contrast to WT, which lost CS-evoked neural activation (c-Fos expression) in the gustatory cortex after extended training, KO mice displayed persistent association with the sensory feature of sugar, suggesting that sensory encoding is reliably linked to mediated learning sensitivity and there is a training-dependent change in the content of association in WT. PLCβ1 knockdown in the left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) resulted in mediated learning sensitivity and CS-evoked gustatory cortical activation after extended training, proposing a molecular component of the neural system underlying this Pavlovian conditioning process. We also discuss how disruption of this process is implicated for hallucination-like behaviors (impaired reality testing).

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Development of behavioural automaticity by extended Pavlovian training in an insect.

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Development of behavioural automaticity by extended Pavlovian training in an insect.

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