Dataset Information

Fluorescent reconstitution on deposition of PM2.5 in lung and extrapulmonary organs.

ABSTRACT: The deposition of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter in air with diameter smaller than 2.5 ?m) in lungs is harmful to human health. However, real-time observation on the deposition of particles in the acinar area of the lung is still a challenge in experiments. Here, a fluorescent imaging method is developed to visualize the deposition process with a high temporal and spatial resolution. The observations reveal that the deposition pattern is nonuniform, and the maximum deposition rate in the acinar area differs significantly from the prediction of the widely used average deposition model. The method is also used to find single particles in the kidney and liver, though such particles are commonly believed to be too large to enter the extrapulmonary organs.

SUBMITTER: Li D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6377456 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Fluorescent reconstitution on deposition of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in lung and extrapulmonary organs.

Li Donghai D Li Yongjian Y Li Guiling G Zhang Yu Y Li Jiang J Chen Haosheng H

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20190128 7

The deposition of PM<sub>2.5</sub> (fine particulate matter in air with diameter smaller than 2.5 μm) in lungs is harmful to human health. However, real-time observation on the deposition of particles in the acinar area of the lung is still a challenge in experiments. Here, a fluorescent imaging method is developed to visualize the deposition process with a high temporal and spatial resolution. The observations reveal that the deposition pattern is nonuniform, and the maximum deposition rate in ...[more]

PMID: 30692265

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Project description:IntroductionDespite the London Underground (LU) handling on average 2.8 million passenger journeys per day, the characteristics and potential health effects of the elevated concentrations of metal-rich PM2.5 found in this subway system are not well understood.MethodsSpatial monitoring campaigns were carried out to characterise the health-relevant chemical and physical properties of PM2.5 across the LU network, including diurnal and day-to-day variability and spatial distribution (above ground, depth below ground and subway line). Population-weighted station PM2.5 rankings were produced to understand the relative importance of concentrations at different stations and on different lines.ResultsThe PM2.5 mass in the LU (mean 88??g?m-3, median 28??g?m-3) was greater than at ambient background locations (mean 19??g?m-3, median 14??g?m-3) and roadside environments in central London (mean 22??g?m-3, median 14??g?m-3). Concentrations varied between lines and locations, with the deepest and shallowest submerged lines being the District (median 4??g?m-3) and Victoria (median 361??g?m-3 but up to 885??g?m-3). Broadly in agreement with other subway systems around the world, sampled LU PM2.5 comprised 47% iron oxide, 7% elemental carbon, 11% organic carbon, and 14% metallic and mineral oxides. Although a relationship between line depth and air quality inside the tube trains was evident, there were clear influences relating to the distance from cleaner outside air and the exchange with cabin air when the doors open. The passenger population-weighted exposure analysis demonstrated a method to identify stations that should be prioritised for remediation to improve air quality.ConclusionPM2.5 concentrations in the LU are many times higher than in other London transport Environments. Failure to include this environment in epidemiological studies of the relationship between PM2.5 and health in London is therefore likely to lead to a large exposure misclassification error. Given the significant contribution of underground PM2.5 to daily exposure, and the differences in composition compared to urban PM2.5, there is a clear need for well-designed studies to better understand the health effects of underground exposure.

Project description:Previous studies have shown that long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increases the morbidity and mortality of pulmonary diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary emphysema. Oxidative stress and inflammation play key roles in pulmonary damage caused by PM2.5. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) could regulate the expression of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes and is pivotal for protection against PM2.5-induced oxidative stress. In this study, a real-ambient exposure system was constructed with the outdoor ambient air in north China. Wild-type (WT) and Nrf2-/- (KO) mice were exposed to the real-ambient system for six weeks. After PM2.5 exposure, our data showed that the levels of inflammatory factors and malondialdehyde were significantly increased in WT and KO mice. Moreover, the lung function and pathological phenotype of the WT mice were altered but there was no obvious change in the Nrf2-/- mice. To further explore the potential molecular mechanisms, we performed RNA-sequencing. The RNA-sequence analysis results showed that the CYP450 pathway in the first ten pathways of KEGG was related to the metabolism of PM2.5. In WT and KO mice, the expression of CYP2E1 in the CYP450 pathway showed opposite trends after PM2.5 exposure. The data showed that the expression of the CYP2E1 gene in WT-PM mice increased while it decreased in KO-PM; the expression of the CYP2E1 protein showed a similar trend. CYP2E1 is primarily distributed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it could metabolize various exogenous substances attached to PM2.5 and produce highly toxic oxidation products closely related to ER stress. Consistently, the expression level of GRP94, a biomarker of ER stress, was increased in WT mice and reduced in KO mice under PM2.5 exposure. Persistent ER stress is a mechanism that causes lung damage under PM2.5 exposure. Nrf2 facilitates lung injury during PM2.5 exposure and CYP2E1 metabolism is involved in this process.

Dataset Information

Fluorescent reconstitution on deposition of PM2.5 in lung and extrapulmonary organs.

Publications

Fluorescent reconstitution on deposition of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in lung and extrapulmonary organs.

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