A Practical Guide to Treatment of Childhood Absence Epilepsy.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kessler SK
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6394437 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Feb
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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A Practical Guide to Treatment of Childhood Absence Epilepsy.
Kessler Sudha Kilaru SK McGinnis Emily E
Paediatric drugs 20190201 1
Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a common pediatric epilepsy syndrome with distinct seizure semiology, electroencephalography (EEG) features, and treatment. A diagnosis of CAE can be obtained during an office visit with a careful history, physical exam including prolonged hyperventilation, and a routine EEG. The treatment of choice for CAE with absence seizures only is ethosuximide. Valproic acid and lamotrigine are also effective treatments for many patients, but when compared to ethosuximid ...[more]
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Project description:To determine optimal second monotherapy for children with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) experiencing initial treatment failure.Children with CAE experiencing treatment failure during the double-blind phase of a randomized controlled trial comparing ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine were randomized to open-label second monotherapy with one of the 2 other study therapies. Primary study outcome was freedom from failure proportion at week 16-20 and month 12 visits after randomization. Secondary study outcome was percentage of participants experiencing attentional dysfunction at these visits.A total of 208 children were enrolled, randomized, and received second therapy. At both week 16-20 visit and month 12 visit, ethosuximide's (63%, 57%) and valproic acid's (65%, 49%) freedom from failure proportions were similar to each other and higher than lamotrigine's (45%, 36%, p = 0.051 and p = 0.062). At both time points, ethosuximide and valproic acid had superior seizure control compared to lamotrigine (p < 0.0001). At both the week 16-20 and month 12 visits, attentional dysfunction was numerically more common with valproic acid than with ethosuximide or lamotrigine. For each medication, second monotherapy freedom from failure proportions demonstrated noninferiority to initial monotherapy freedom from failure proportions.As second monotherapy, ethosuximide and valproic acid, demonstrated higher freedom from failure proportions and greater efficacy than lamotrigine; valproic acid was associated with more attentional dysfunction. Ethosuximide is the optimal second monotherapy for children with CAE not responding to initial therapy with other medications.NCT00088452.This study provides Class III evidence that for children with CAE experiencing initial treatment failure, second monotherapy with ethosuximide or valproic acid is superior to lamotrigine.
| S-EPMC5224720 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo determine the neurocognitive deficits associated with newly diagnosed untreated childhood absence epilepsy (CAE), develop a model describing the factorial structure of items measuring academic achievement and 3 neuropsychological constructs, and determine short-term differential neuropsychological effects on attention among ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine.MethodsSubjects with newly diagnosed CAE entering a double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial had neuropsychological testing including assessments of general intellectual functioning, attention, memory, executive function, and achievement. Attention was reassessed at the week 16-20 visit.ResultsAt study entry, 36% of the cohort exhibited attention deficits despite otherwise intact neurocognitive functioning. Structural equation modeling of baseline neuropsychological data revealed a direct sequential effect among attention, memory, executive function, and academic achievement. At the week 16-20 visit, attention deficits persisted even if seizure freedom was attained. More subjects receiving valproic acid (49%) had attention deficits than subjects receiving ethosuximide (32%) or lamotrigine (24%) (p = 0.0006). Parental assessment did not reliably detect attention deficits before or after treatment (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsChildren with CAE have a high rate of pretreatment attentional deficits that persist despite seizure freedom. Rates are disproportionately higher for valproic acid treatment compared with ethosuximide or lamotrigine. Parents do not recognize these attentional deficits. These deficits present a threat to academic achievement. Vigilant cognitive and behavioral assessment of these children is warranted.Classification of evidenceThis study provides Class I evidence that valproic acid is associated with more significant attentional dysfunction than ethosuximide or lamotrigine in children with newly diagnosed CAE.
| S-EPMC3806916 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveIn children with newly diagnosed childhood absence epilepsy (CAE), determine pretreatment EEG features and their associations with baseline neuropsychological function and short-term treatment outcome.MethodsIn a multicenter, randomized clinical trial, patients with CAE underwent a pretreatment, 1-hour video-EEG and neuropsychological testing with freedom-from-failure and seizure-freedom (SF) outcome assessed at the 16- to 20-week visit.ResultsDetailed evaluation of the pretreatment EEG was possible for 99.8% of participants (445/446). Median time to first seizure was 6.0 minutes (range 0-59 minutes), median number of seizures was 5 (range 1-60), and median seizure duration was 10.8 seconds (range 3.3-77.6 seconds). Median duration of shortest seizure per EEG was 7.5 seconds (range 3.0-77.6 seconds). Seizure frequency was not associated with baseline measures of attention, executive function, or treatment outcome. Presence of a seizure lasting ≥20 seconds was noted in 29% of subjects (129/440); these children had higher median omissions T score on the Conners Continuous Performance Test (56.3 vs 51.6, p = 0.01). Patients with a shortest seizure of longer duration were more likely to demonstrate treatment success by both freedom-from-failure (p = 0.02) and SF (p = 0.005) criteria, even after controlling for age, treatment group, and number of seizures, with good predictive value (area under the curve 78% for SF).ConclusionsCAE is reliably and quickly confirmed by EEG. Occurrence of a seizure ≥20 seconds, but not overall seizure frequency, was associated with differential baseline measures of attention. Patients whose shortest pretreatment EEG seizure was longer in duration were more likely to achieve SF, regardless of treatment.
| S-EPMC3770172 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To determine seizure semiology in children with newly diagnosed childhood absence epilepsy and to evaluate associations with short-term treatment outcomes.For participants enrolled in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, comparative-effectiveness trial, semiologic features of pretreatment seizures were analyzed as predictors of treatment outcome at the week 16 to 20 visit.Video of 1,932 electrographic absence seizures from 416 participants was evaluated. Median seizure duration was 10.2 seconds; median time between electrographic seizure onset and clinical manifestation onset was 1.5 seconds. For individual seizures and by participant, the most common semiology features were pause/stare (seizure 95.5%, participant 99.3%), motor automatisms (60.6%, 86.1%), and eye involvement (54.9%, 76.5%). The interrater agreement for motor automatisms and eye involvement was good (72%-84%). Variability of semiology features between seizures even within participants was high. Clustering analyses revealed 4 patterns (involving the presence/absence of eye involvement and motor automatisms superimposed on the nearly ubiquitous pause/stare). Most participants experienced more than one seizure cluster pattern. No individual semiologic feature was individually predictive of short-term outcome. Seizure freedom was half as likely in participants with one or more seizure having the pattern of eye involvement without motor automatisms than in participants without this pattern.Almost all absence seizures are characterized by a pause in activity or staring, but rarely is this the only feature. Semiologic features tend to cluster, resulting in identifiable absence seizure subtypes with significant intraparticipant seizure phenomenologic heterogeneity. One seizure subtype, pause/stare and eye involvement but no motor automatisms, is specifically associated with a worse treatment outcome.
| S-EPMC5562968 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionChildhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a well-known pediatric epilepsy syndrome. Recent evidence has shown the presence of a disrupted structural brain network in CAE. However, little is known about the rich-club topology. This study aimed to explore the rich-club alterations in CAE and their association with clinical characteristics.MethodsDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) datasets were acquired in a sample of 30 CAE patients and 31 healthy controls. A structural network was derived from DTI data for each participant using probabilistic tractography. Then, the rich-club organization was examined, and the network connections were divided into rich-club connections, feeder connections, and local connections.ResultsOur results confirmed a less dense whole-brain structural network in CAE with lower network strength and global efficiency. In addition, the optimal organization of small-worldness was also damaged. A small number of highly connected and central brain regions were identified to form the rich-club organization in both patients and controls. However, patients exhibited a significantly reduced rich-club connectivity, while the other class of feeder and local connections was relatively spared. Moreover, the lower levels of rich-club connectivity strength were statistically correlated with disease duration.DiscussionOur reports suggest that CAE is characterized by abnormal connectivity concentrated to rich-club organizations and might contribute to understanding the pathophysiological mechanism of CAE.
| S-EPMC10213928 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Patients with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) often demonstrate impaired interictal attention, even with control of their seizures. No previous study has investigated the brain networks involved in this impairment. We used the continuous performance task (CPT) of attentional vigilance and the repetitive tapping task (RTT), a control motor task, to examine interictal attention in 26 children with CAE and 22 matched healthy controls. Each subject underwent simultaneous 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging-electroencephalography (fMRI-EEG) and CPT/RTT testing. Areas of activation on fMRI during the CPT task were correlated with behavioral performance and used as seed regions for resting functional connectivity analysis. All behavioral measures reflecting inattention were significantly higher in patients. Correlation analysis revealed that impairment on all measures of inattention on the CPT task was associated with decreased medial frontal cortex (MFC) activation during CPT. In addition, analysis of resting functional connectivity revealed an overall decrease within an 'attention network' in patients relative to controls. Patients demonstrated significantly impaired connectivity between the right anterior insula/frontal operculum (In/FO) and MFC relative to controls. Our results suggest that there is impaired function in an attention network comprising anterior In/FO and MFC in patients with CAE. These findings provide an anatomical and functional basis for impaired interictal attention in CAE, which may allow the development of improved treatments targeted at these networks.
| S-EPMC3105167 | biostudies-other
Project description:OBJECTIVE: Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a childhood-onset generalized epilepsy. Recent fMRI studies have suggested that frontal cortex activity occurs before thalamic involvement in epileptic discharges suggesting that frontal cortex may play an important role in childhood absence seizures. Neurocognitive deficits can persist after resolution of the epilepsy. We investigate whether structural connectivity changes are present in the brains of CAE patients in young adulthood. METHODS: Cortical thickness measurements were obtained for 30 subjects with CAE (mean age 21 ± 2 years) and 56 healthy controls (mean age 24 ± 4) and regressed for age, sex, and total intracranial volume (TIV). Structural connectivity was evaluated by measuring the correlation between average cortical thicknesses in 915 regions over the brain. Maps of connectivity strength were then obtained for both groups. RESULTS: When compared to controls, the CAE group shows overall increased "connectivity" with focal increased connection strength in anterior regions including; the anterior cingulate and the insula and superior temporal gyrus bilaterally; the right orbito-frontal and supramarginal regions; and the left entorhinal cortex. Decreased connection strength in the CAE group was found in the left occipital lobe, with a similar trend in right occipital lobe. INTERPRETATION: Brains in young adults whose CAE was resolved had abnormal structural connectivity. Our findings suggest that frontal regions correlate most with cortical thickness throughout the brain in CAE patients, whereas occipital regions correlate most in well matched normal controls. We interpret this as evidence of a developmental difference in CAE that emphasizes these frontal lobe regions, perhaps driven by frontal lobe epileptiform activity.
| S-EPMC4435701 | biostudies-other
Project description:OBJECTIVE:To determine whether common polymorphisms in CACNA1G, CACNA1H, CACNA1I, and ABCB1 are associated with differential short-term seizure outcome in childhood absence epilepsy (CAE). METHODS:Four hundred forty-six CAE children in a randomized double-blind trial of ethosuximide, lamotrigine, and valproate had short-term seizure outcome determined. Associations between polymorphisms (minor allele frequency???15%) in 4 genes and seizure outcomes were assessed. In vitro electrophysiology on transfected CACNA1H channels determined impact of 1 variant on T-type calcium channel responsiveness to ethosuximide. RESULTS:Eighty percent (357 of 446) of subjects had informative short-term seizure status (242 seizure free, 115 not seizure free). In ethosuximide subjects, 2 polymorphisms (CACNA1H rs61734410/P640L, CACNA1I rs3747178) appeared more commonly among not-seizure-free participants (p?=?0.011, odds ratio [OR]?=?2.63, 95% confidence limits [CL]?=?1.25-5.56; p?=?0.026, OR?=?2.38, 95% CL?=?1.11-5.00). In lamotrigine subjects, 1 ABCB1 missense polymorphism (rs2032582/S893A; p?=?0.015, OR?=?2.22, 95% CL?=?1.16-4.17) was more common in not-seizure-free participants, and 2 CACNA1H polymorphisms (rs2753326, rs2753325) were more common in seizure-free participants (p?=?0.038, OR?=?0.52, 95% CL?=?0.28-0.96). In valproate subjects, no common polymorphisms were associated with seizure status. In vitro electrophysiological studies showed no effect of the P640L polymorphism on channel physiology in the absence of ethosuximide. Ethosuximide's effect on rate of decay of CaV 3.2 was significantly less for P640L channel compared to wild-type channel. INTERPRETATION:Four T-type calcium channel variants and 1 ABCB1 transporter variant were associated with differential drug response in CAE. The in vivo P640L variant's ethosuximide effect was confirmed by in vitro electrophysiological studies. This suggests that genetic variation plays a role in differential CAE drug response. Ann Neurol 2017;81:444-453.
| S-EPMC6171340 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and purposeChildhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is one of the most common types of pediatric epilepsy. It is generally treated with ethosuximide (ESM), valproic acid (VPA), or lamotrigine (LTG), but the efficacy and adverse effects of these drugs remain controversial. This study compared initial therapy treatment outcomes, including VPA-LTG combination, and assessed clinical factors that may predict treatment response and prognosis.MethodsSixty-seven patients with typical CAE were retrospectively enrolled at the Korea University Medical Center. We reviewed patients' clinical characteristics, including age of seizure onset, seizure-free interval, duration of seizure-free period, freedom from treatment failure, breakthrough seizures frequency, and electroencephalogram (EEG) findings.ResultsThe age at seizure onset was 7.9±2.7 years (mean±SD), and follow-up duration was 4.4±3.7 years. Initially, 22 children were treated with ESM (32.8%), 23 with VPA (34.3%), 14 with LTG (20.9%), and 8 with VPA-LTG combination (11.9%). After 48 months of therapy, the rate of freedom from treatment failure was significantly higher for the VPA-LTG combination therapy than in the three monotherapy groups (p=0.012). The treatment dose administrated in the VPA-LTG combination group was less than that in the VPA and LTG monotherapy groups. The shorter interval to loss of 3-Hz spike-and-wave complexes and the presence of occipital intermittent rhythmic delta activity on EEG were significant factors predicting good treatment response.ConclusionsThis study showed that low-dose VPA-LTG combination therapy has a good efficacy and fewer side effects than other treatments, and it should thus be considered as a firstline therapy in absence epilepsy.
| S-EPMC4828561 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and purposeRecent quantitative neuroimaging studies of childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) have identified various structural abnormalities that might be involved in the onset of absence seizure and associated cognitive and behavioral functions. However, the neuroanatomical alterations specific to CAE remain unclear, and so this study investigated the regional alterations of brain structures associated with newly diagnosed CAE.MethodsSurface and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging data of patients with newly diagnosed CAE (n=18) and age-matched healthy controls (n=18) were analyzed using Free-Surfer software. A group comparison using analysis of covariance was performed with significance criteria of p<0.05 and p<0.01 in global and regional analyses, respectively.ResultsCompared with control subjects, the patients with CAE had smaller total and regional volumes of cortical gray-matter (GM) in the right rostral middle frontal, right lateral orbitofrontal, and left rostral middle frontal regions, as well as in the right precentral, right superior, middle, left middle, and inferior temporal gyri. The cortex in the right posterior cingulate gyrus and left medial occipital region was significantly thicker in patients with CAE than in controls.ConclusionsPatients with CAE showed a reduced bilateral frontotemporal cortical GM volume and an increased posterior medial cortical thickness, which are associated with the default mode network. These structural changes can be suggested as the neural basis of the absence seizures and neuropsychiatric comorbidities in CAE.
| S-EPMC7541981 | biostudies-literature