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OTULIN deficiency in ORAS causes cell type-specific LUBAC degradation, dysregulated TNF signalling and cell death.

ABSTRACT: The deubiquitinase OTULIN removes methionine-1 (M1)-linked polyubiquitin signals conjugated by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) and is critical for preventing TNF-driven inflammation in OTULIN-related autoinflammatory syndrome (ORAS). Five ORAS patients have been reported, but how dysregulated M1-linked polyubiquitin signalling causes their symptoms is unclear. Here, we report a new case of ORAS in which an OTULIN-Gly281Arg mutation leads to reduced activity and stability in vitro and in cells. In contrast to OTULIN-deficient monocytes, in which TNF signalling and NF-κB activation are increased, loss of OTULIN in patient-derived fibroblasts leads to a reduction in LUBAC levels and an impaired response to TNF Interestingly, both patient-derived fibroblasts and OTULIN-deficient monocytes are sensitised to certain types of TNF-induced death, and apoptotic cells are evident in ORAS patient skin lesions. Remarkably, haematopoietic stem cell transplantation leads to complete resolution of inflammatory symptoms, including fevers, panniculitis and diarrhoea. Therefore, haematopoietic cells are necessary for clinical manifestation of ORAS Together, our data suggest that ORAS pathogenesis involves hyper-inflammatory immune cells and TNF-induced death of both leukocytes and non-haematopoietic cells.

SUBMITTER: Damgaard RB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6404114 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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OTULIN deficiency in ORAS causes LUBAC degradation, dysregulated TNF signalling, and cell death

Project description:The deubiquitinase OTULIN removes Methionine-1 (M1)-linked polyubiquitin signals conjugated by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) and is critical for preventing TNF-driven inflammation in OTULIN-Related Autoinflammatory Syndrome (ORAS). Five ORAS patients have been reported, but how dysregulated M1-linked polyubiquitin signalling causes their symptoms is unclear. Here we report a new case of ORAS in which an OTULIN-Gly281Arg mutation leads to reduced activity and stability in vitro and in cells. In contrast to OTULIN-deficient monocytes, in which TNF signalling and NF-?B activation are increased, loss of OTULIN in patient-derived fibroblasts leads to a reduction in LUBAC levels and an impaired response to TNF. Interestingly, both patient-derived fibroblasts and OTULIN-deficient monocytes are sensitised to certain types of TNF-induced death, and apoptotic cells are evident in ORAS patient skin lesions. Remarkably, haematopoietic stem cell transplantation leads to complete resolution of inflammatory symptoms, including fevers, panniculitis, and diarrhoea. Therefore, haematopoietic cells are necessary for clinical manifestation of ORAS. Together, our data suggest that ORAS pathogenesis involves hyper-inflammatory immune cells and TNF-induced death of both leukocytes and non-haematopoietic cells.

| S-SCDT-EMM-2018-09324 | biostudies-other

OTULIN deficiency causes LUBAC degradation, dysregulated TNF signalling, and cell death in ORAS

Project description:We focus on the modifier ubiquitin, a small protein that modifies other proteins in a variety of distinct ways, known as the ubiquitin code. Ubiquitination most commonly leads to destruction of the modified protein, but can also change its activation, interactions or localisation. Much of our work aims to enable studies of ubiquitin signals.

2018-11-21 | MSV000083154 | MassIVE

Molecular basis and regulation of OTULIN-LUBAC interaction.

Project description:The linear ubiquitin (Ub) chain assembly complex (LUBAC) generates Met1-linked "linear" Ub chains that regulate the activation of the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) transcription factor and other processes. We recently discovered OTULIN as a deubiquitinase that specifically cleaves Met1-linked polyUb. Now, we show that OTULIN binds via a conserved PUB-interacting motif (PIM) to the PUB domain of the LUBAC component HOIP. Crystal structures and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments reveal the molecular basis for the high-affinity interaction and explain why OTULIN binds the HOIP PUB domain specifically. Analysis of LUBAC-induced NFκB signaling suggests that OTULIN needs to be present on LUBAC in order to restrict Met1-polyUb signaling. Moreover, LUBAC-OTULIN complex formation is regulated by OTULIN phosphorylation in the PIM. Phosphorylation of OTULIN prevents HOIP binding, whereas unphosphorylated OTULIN is part of the endogenous LUBAC complex. Our work exemplifies how coordination of ubiquitin assembly and disassembly activities in protein complexes regulates individual Ub linkage types.

| S-EPMC4017264 | biostudies-literature

LUBAC prevents lethal dermatitis by inhibiting cell death induced by TNF, TRAIL and CD95L.

Project description:The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), composed of HOIP, HOIL-1 and SHARPIN, is required for optimal TNF-mediated gene activation and to prevent cell death induced by TNF. Here, we demonstrate that keratinocyte-specific deletion of HOIP or HOIL-1 (E-KO) results in severe dermatitis causing postnatal lethality. We provide genetic and pharmacological evidence that the postnatal lethal dermatitis in HoipE-KO and Hoil-1E-KO mice is caused by TNFR1-induced, caspase-8-mediated apoptosis that occurs independently of the kinase activity of RIPK1. In the absence of TNFR1, however, dermatitis develops in adulthood, triggered by RIPK1-kinase-activity-dependent apoptosis and necroptosis. Strikingly, TRAIL or CD95L can redundantly induce this disease-causing cell death, as combined loss of their respective receptors is required to prevent TNFR1-independent dermatitis. These findings may have implications for the treatment of patients with mutations that perturb linear ubiquitination and potentially also for patients with inflammation-associated disorders that are refractory to inhibition of TNF alone.

| S-EPMC6156229 | biostudies-literature

OTULIN antagonizes LUBAC signaling by specifically hydrolyzing Met1-linked polyubiquitin.

Project description:The linear ubiquitin (Ub) chain assembly complex (LUBAC) is an E3 ligase that specifically assembles Met1-linked (also known as linear) Ub chains that regulate nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are key regulators of Ub signaling, but a dedicated DUB for Met1 linkages has not been identified. Here, we reveal a previously unannotated human DUB, OTULIN (also known as FAM105B), which is exquisitely specific for Met1 linkages. Crystal structures of the OTULIN catalytic domain in complex with diubiquitin reveal Met1-specific Ub-binding sites and a mechanism of substrate-assisted catalysis in which the proximal Ub activates the catalytic triad of the protease. Mutation of Ub Glu16 inhibits OTULIN activity by reducing kcat 240-fold. OTULIN overexpression or knockdown affects NF-κB responses to LUBAC, TNFα, and poly(I:C) and sensitizes cells to TNFα-induced cell death. We show that OTULIN binds LUBAC and that overexpression of OTULIN prevents TNFα-induced NEMO association with ubiquitinated RIPK1. Our data suggest that OTULIN regulates Met1-polyUb signaling.

| S-EPMC3690481 | biostudies-literature

Global Screening of LUBAC and OTULIN Interacting Proteins by Human Proteome Microarray.

Project description:Linear ubiquitination is a reversible posttranslational modification, which plays key roles in multiple biological processes. Linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) catalyzes linear ubiquitination, while the deubiquitinase OTULIN (OTU deubiquitinase with linear linkage specificity, FAM105B) exclusively cleaves the linear ubiquitin chains. However, our understanding of linear ubiquitination is restricted to a few substrates and pathways. Here we used a human proteome microarray to detect the interacting proteins of LUBAC and OTULIN by systematically screening up to 20,000 proteins. We identified many potential interacting proteins of LUBAC and OTULIN, which may function as regulators or substrates of linear ubiquitination. Interestingly, our results also hint that linear ubiquitination may have broad functions in diverse pathways. In addition, we recognized lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3, CD223), a transmembrane receptor that negatively regulates lymphocyte functions as a novel substrate of linear ubiquitination in the adaptive immunity pathway. In conclusion, our results provide searchable, accessible data for the interacting proteins of LUBAC and OTULIN, which broaden our understanding of linear ubiquitination.

| S-EPMC8274477 | biostudies-literature

Reciprocal interplay between OTULIN-LUBAC determines genotoxic and inflammatory NF-κB signal responses.

Project description:Targeting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) represents a highly viable strategy against chemoresistance in cancers as well as cell death. Ubiquitination, including linear ubiquitination mediated by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), is emerging as a crucial mechanism of overactivated NF-κB signaling. Ovarian tumor family deubiquitinase OTULIN is the only linear linkage-specific deubiquitinase; however, the molecular mechanisms of how it counteracts LUBAC-mediated NF-κB activation have been largely unknown. Here, we identify Lys64/66 of OTULIN for linear ubiquitination facilitated in a LUBAC-dependent manner as a necessary event required for OTULIN-LUBAC interaction under unstressed conditions, which becomes deubiquitinated by OTULIN itself in response to genotoxic stress. Furthermore, this self-deubiquitination of OTULIN occurs intermolecularly, mediated by OTULIN dimerization, resulting in the subsequent dissociation of OTULIN from the LUBAC complex and NF-κB overactivation. Oxidative stress induces OTULIN dimerization via cysteine-mediated covalent disulfide bonds. Our study reveals that the status of the physical interaction between OTULIN and LUBAC is a crucial determining factor for the genotoxic NF-κB signaling, as measured by cell survival and proliferation, while OTULIN loss of function resulting from its dimerization and deubiquitination leads to a dissociation of OTULIN from the LUBAC complex. Of note, similar molecular mechanisms apply to the inflammatory NF-κB signaling in response to tumor necrosis factor α. Hence, a fuller understanding of the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the disruption of the OTULIN-LUBAC interaction will be instrumental for developing future therapeutic strategies against cancer chemoresistance and necroptotic processes pertinent to numerous human diseases.

| S-EPMC9388121 | biostudies-literature

Human TBK1 deficiency leads to autoinflammation driven by TNF-induced cell death.

Project description:TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) regulates IFN-I, NF-κB, and TNF-induced RIPK1-dependent cell death (RCD). In mice, biallelic loss of TBK1 is embryonically lethal. We discovered four humans, ages 32, 26, 7, and 8 from three unrelated consanguineous families with homozygous loss-of-function mutations in TBK1. All four patients suffer from chronic and systemic autoinflammation, but not severe viral infections. We demonstrate that TBK1 loss results in hypomorphic but sufficient IFN-I induction via RIG-I/MDA5, while the system retains near intact IL-6 induction through NF-κB. Autoinflammation is driven by TNF-induced RCD as patient-derived fibroblasts experienced higher rates of necroptosis in vitro, and CC3 was elevated in peripheral blood ex vivo. Treatment with anti-TNF dampened the baseline circulating inflammatory profile and ameliorated the clinical condition in vivo. These findings highlight the plasticity of the IFN-I response and underscore a cardinal role for TBK1 in the regulation of RCD.

| S-EPMC8380741 | biostudies-literature

OTULIN protects the liver against cell death, inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer.

Project description:Methionine-1 (M1)-linked polyubiquitin chains conjugated by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) control NF-κB activation, immune homoeostasis, and prevents tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced cell death. The deubiquitinase OTULIN negatively regulates M1-linked polyubiquitin signalling by removing the chains conjugated by LUBAC, and OTULIN deficiency causes OTULIN-related autoinflammatory syndrome (ORAS) in humans. However, the cellular pathways and physiological functions controlled by OTULIN remain poorly understood. Here, we show that OTULIN prevents development of liver disease in mice and humans. In an ORAS patient, OTULIN deficiency caused spontaneous and progressive steatotic liver disease at 10-13 months of age. Similarly, liver-specific deletion of OTULIN in mice leads to neonatally onset steatosis and hepatitis, akin to the ORAS patient. OTULIN deficiency triggers metabolic alterations, apoptosis, and inflammation in the liver. In mice, steatosis progresses to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and pre-malignant tumour formation by 8 weeks of age, and by the age of 7-12 months the phenotype has advanced to malignant hepatocellular carcinoma. Surprisingly, the pathology in OTULIN-deficient livers is independent of TNFR1 signalling. Instead, we find that steatohepatitis in OTULIN-deficient livers is associated with aberrant mTOR activation, and inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin administration significantly reduces the liver pathology. Collectively, our results reveal that OTULIN is critical for maintaining liver homoeostasis and suggest that M1-linked polyubiquitin chains may play a role in regulation of mTOR signalling and metabolism in the liver.

| S-EPMC7206033 | biostudies-literature

OTULIN maintains skin homeostasis by controlling keratinocyte death and stem cell identity.

Project description:OTULIN is a deubiquitinase that specifically cleaves linear ubiquitin chains. Here we demonstrate that the ablation of Otulin selectively in keratinocytes causes inflammatory skin lesions that develop into verrucous carcinomas. Genetic deletion of Tnfr1, knockin expression of kinase-inactive Ripk1 or keratinocyte-specific deletion of Fadd and Mlkl completely rescues mice with OTULIN deficiency from dermatitis and tumorigenesis, thereby identifying keratinocyte cell death as the driving force for inflammation. Single-cell RNA-sequencing comparing non-lesional and lesional skin reveals changes in epidermal stem cell identity in OTULIN-deficient keratinocytes prior to substantial immune cell infiltration. Keratinocytes lacking OTULIN display a type-1 interferon and IL-1β response signature, and genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of these cytokines partially inhibits skin inflammation. Finally, expression of a hypomorphic mutant Otulin allele, previously shown to cause OTULIN-related autoinflammatory syndrome in humans, induces a similar inflammatory phenotype, thus supporting the importance of OTULIN for restraining skin inflammation and maintaining immune homeostasis.

| S-EPMC8501048 | biostudies-literature

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