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The skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVES:To derive conversions of antiquated exposure data into modern equivalents and to apply these in the assessment of the skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896. METHODS:The literature 1896-2018 was searched for implicit and explicit dose information. The early implicit dose data contained now obsolete descriptions of radiation quality and quantity for long since disappeared X-ray systems of limited efficiency. Converting the old information into modern specifications was achieved using contemporary data and computer simulations. Final dose calculations were done with modern software. Explicit radiation doses of later date reported in old quantities and units were adapted according to current recommendations. RESULTS:For the period before 1927 conversion algorithms for spark gap data and penetrometer hardnesses to high voltage could be derived. Electrical and X-ray efficiencies of several old röntgen systems were determined. Together they allowed reconstruction of 53 doses. After 1927 doses were generally explicitly specified; 114 were retrieved. Although an enormous spread was observed, the average skin dose was reduced by a factor of about 400. CONCLUSIONS:Antiquated exposure data were successfully used for dose reconstruction. Extreme dose variability was a constant. Efforts to cut down doses were effective as skin doses went down from sub-erythema values to about one milligray.

SUBMITTER: Kemerink GJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6439109 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896.

Kemerink Gerrit J GJ Kütterer Gerhard G Kicken Pierre J PJ van Engelshoven Jos M A JMA Simon Kees J KJ Wildberger Joachim E JE

Insights into imaging 20190329 1

<h4>Objectives</h4>To derive conversions of antiquated exposure data into modern equivalents and to apply these in the assessment of the skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896.<h4>Methods</h4>The literature 1896-2018 was searched for implicit and explicit dose information. The early implicit dose data contained now obsolete descriptions of radiation quality and quantity for long since disappeared X-ray systems of limited efficiency. Converting the old information into modern specifications w ...[more]

PMID: 30923937

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Project description:Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is common, and features a widened Sharp's angle as observed on pelvic x-ray images. Determination of Sharp's angle, essential for clinical decisions, can overwhelm the workload of orthopedic surgeons. To aid diagnosis of DDH and reduce false negative diagnoses, a simple and cost-effective tool is proposed. The model was designed using artificial intelligence (AI), and evaluated for its ability to screen anteroposterior pelvic radiographs automatically, accurately, and efficiently.Orthotopic anterior pelvic x-ray images were retrospectively collected (n = 11574) from the PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System) database at Second Hospital of Jilin University. The Mask regional convolutional neural network (R-CNN) model was utilized and finely modified to detect 4 key points that delineate Sharp's angle. Of these images, 11,473 were randomly selected, labeled, and used to train and validate the modified Mask R-CNN model. A test dataset comprised the remaining 101 images. Python-based utility software was applied to draw and calculate Sharp's angle automatically. The diagnoses of DDH obtained via the model or the traditional manual drawings of 3 orthopedic surgeons were compared, each based on the degree of Sharp's angle, and these were then evaluated relative to the final clinical diagnoses (based on medical history, symptoms, signs, x-ray films, and computed tomography images).Sharp's angles on the left and right measured via the AI model (40.07° ± 4.09° and 40.65° ± 4.21°), were statistically similar to that of the surgeons' (39.35° ± 6.74° and 39.82° ± 6.99°). The measurement time required by the AI model (1.11 ± 0.00 s) was significantly less than that of the doctors (86.72 ± 1.10, 93.26 ± 1.12, and 87.34 ± 0.80 s). The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the AI method for diagnosis of DDH were similar to that of the orthopedic surgeons; the diagnoses of both were moderately consistent with the final clinical diagnosis.The proposed AI model can automatically measure Sharp's angle with a performance similar to that of orthopedic surgeons, but requires far less time. The AI model may be a viable auxiliary to clinical diagnosis of DDH.

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The skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896.

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The skin dose of pelvic radiographs since 1896.

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