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Theobromine consumption does not improve fasting and postprandial vascular function in overweight and obese subjects.

ABSTRACT: BACKGOUND:Theobromine, a component of cocoa, may favorably affect conventional lipid-related cardiovascular risk markers, but effects on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and other vascular function markers are not known. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effects of 4-week theobromine consumption (500 mg/day) on fasting and postprandial vascular function markers. DESIGN:In a randomized, double-blind crossover study, 44 apparently healthy overweight (N?=?30) and obese (N?=?14) men and women with low HDL-C concentrations, consumed daily 500 mg theobromine or placebo for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, FMD, peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT), augmentation index (AIx), pulse wave velocity (PWV), blood pressure (BP) and retinal microvasculature measurements were performed. These measurements were carried out under fasting conditions and 2.5 h after a high-fat mixed meal challenge. RESULTS:4-week theobromine consumption did not change fasting vascular function markers, except for a decrease in central AIx (cAIx, -?1.7 pp, P?=?0.037) and a trend towards smaller venular calibers (-?2 µm, P?=?0.074). Consuming a high-fat mixed meal decreased FMD (0.89 pp, P?=?0.002), reactive hyperemia index (RHI, -?0.30, P?

SUBMITTER: Smolders L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6499748 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Theobromine consumption does not improve fasting and postprandial vascular function in overweight and obese subjects.

Smolders Lotte L Mensink Ronald P RP van den Driessche Jose J JJ Joris Peter J PJ Plat Jogchum J

European journal of nutrition 20180112 3

<h4>Backgound</h4>Theobromine, a component of cocoa, may favorably affect conventional lipid-related cardiovascular risk markers, but effects on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and other vascular function markers are not known.<h4>Objective</h4>To evaluate the effects of 4-week theobromine consumption (500 mg/day) on fasting and postprandial vascular function markers.<h4>Design</h4>In a randomized, double-blind crossover study, 44 apparently healthy overweight (N = 30) and obese (N = 14) men and wo ...[more]

PMID: 29330660

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Project description:Background: Postprandial hyperlipidemia is associated with impaired endothelial function. Peanut consumption favorably affects the lipid and lipoprotein profile; however, the effects on endothelial function remain unclear.Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of acute peanut consumption as part of a high-fat meal on postprandial endothelial function.Methods: We conducted a randomized, controlled, crossover postprandial study to evaluate the effect of acute peanut consumption on postprandial lipids and endothelial function as assessed by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery in 15 healthy overweight or obese men [mean age: 26.7 y; mean body mass index (in kg/m2): 31.4]. Participants consumed, in a randomized order, a peanut meal containing 3 ounces (85 g) ground peanuts (1198 kcal; 40.0% carbohydrate, 47.7% fat, 19.4% saturated fat, 13.2% protein) and a control meal matched for energy and macronutrient content. Meals were in the form of a shake, scheduled ≥1 wk apart. Lipids, lipoproteins, glucose, and insulin were measured at baseline (0 min) and at 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after shake consumption. FMD was measured at baseline and at 240 min.Results: Acute peanut consumption blunted the serum triglyceride (TG) response 120 and 240 min after consumption compared with the control meal (means ± SEMs-120 min: 188.9 ± 19.4 compared with 197.5 ± 20.7 mg/dL; 240 min: 189.9 ± 24.3 compared with 197.3 ± 18.4 mg/dL; P < 0.05 for both). Total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and glucose and insulin responses were similar between the test meals. Compared with baseline, only the control meal significantly decreased FMD at 240 min (control: -1.2% ± 0.5%; P = 0.029; peanut: -0.6% ± 0.5%; P = 0.3). Participants with higher baseline total (>150 mg/dL) and LDL (>100 mg/dL)-cholesterol concentrations showed a significant decrease in FMD after the control meal (-1.8%, P = 0.017; -2.0%, P = 0.038), whereas the peanut meal maintained endothelial function in all participants irrespective of total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations.Conclusion: The inclusion of 85 g peanuts (3 ounces) as part of a high-fat meal improved the postprandial TG response and preserved endothelial function in healthy overweight or obese men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01405300.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Obesity is characterized by low grade inflammation and an altered secretion of inflammatory cytokines from the adipose tissue. Weight loss has shown to reduce inflammation; however, changes in cytokine profiles during massive weight loss are not well described. The present study explored the hypothesis that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) reduces circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and in obese normal glucose tolerant (NGT) subjects. METHODS:Thirteen obese subjects with T2D [weight; 129?±?14 kg, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c); 7.0?±?0.9%, body mass index (BMI); 43.2?±?5.3 kg/m(2), mean?±?SD] and twelve matched obese NGT subjects [weight; 127?±?15 kg, HbA1c; 5.5?±?0.4%, BMI; 41.5?±?4.8 kg/m(2), mean?±?SD] were examined before, one week, three months, and one year after surgery. Interleukin (IL)-6, leptin, adiponectin, IL-8, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-?), and the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured in the fasting state and during a liquid meal. Insulin resistance was evaluated by HOMA-IR. RESULTS:Weight loss did not differ between the two groups. Before surgery, HbA1c was higher and HOMA-IR lower in T2D patients, however, converged to the values of NGT subjects one year after surgery. Circulating cytokine concentrations did not differ between the two groups at any time point. One week after surgery, circulating IL-6 and IL-8 were increased, while adiponectin and leptin were reduced compared with pre-surgical concentrations. Three months after surgery, IL-8 was increased, leptin was reduced, and no change was observed for IL-6, TGF-?, and adiponectin. One year after surgery, concentrations of IL-6, TGF-?, and leptin were significantly reduced compared to before surgery, while adiponectin was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS:One year after RYGB, fasting concentrations of IL-6 and leptin were reduced, while no changes were observed in IL-8. TGF-? was decreased and adiponectin increased in both T2D and NGT obese subjects. This study is the first to examine IL-8 and TGF-? in obese subject after RYGB. Resolution of inflammation could offer a potential explanation for the health improvement associated with major weight loss after bariatric surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION:http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01579981).

Project description:BackgroundCurrent dietary recommendations for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention focus more on dietary patterns than on single nutrients. However, randomized controlled trials using whole-diet approaches to study effects on both fasting and postprandial CVD risk markers are limited.ObjectiveThis randomized parallel trial compared the effects of a healthy diet (HD) with those of a typical Western diet (WD) on fasting and postprandial CVD risk markers in overweight and obese adults.MethodsAfter a 2-wk run-in period, 40 men and women (50-70 y; BMI: 25-35 kg/m2) consumed the HD (high in fruit and vegetables, pulses, fibers, nuts, fatty fish, polyunsaturated fatty acids; low in salt and high-glycemic carbohydrates; n = 19) or the WD (less fruit, vegetables, and fibers; no nuts and fatty fish; and more saturated fatty acids and simple carbohydrates; n = 21) for 6 wk. Fasting and postprandial cardiometabolic risk markers were assessed as secondary outcome parameters during a 5-h mixed-meal challenge, and a per protocol analysis was performed using 1-factor ANCOVA or linear mixed models.ResultsDifferences in diet-induced changes are expressed relative to the HD group. Changes in fasting plasma total cholesterol (-0.57 ± 0.12 mmol/L, P < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (-0.41 ± 0.12 mmol/L, P < 0.01), apolipoprotein B100 (-0.09 ± 0.03 g/L, P < 0.01), and apolipoprotein A1 (-0.06 ± 0.03 g/L, P = 0.05) were significantly different between the diet groups. Changes in postprandial plasma triacylglycerol (diet × time, P < 0.001) and apolipoprotein B48 (P < 0.01) differed significantly between the groups with clear improvements on the HD, although fasting triacylglycerols (-0.24 ± 0.13 mmol/L, P = 0.06) and apolipoprotein B48 (1.04 ± 0.67 mg/L, P = 0.40) did not. Significant differences between the diets were also detected in fasting systolic (-6.9 ± 3.1 mmHg, P < 0.05) and 24-h systolic (-5.0 ± 1.7 mmHg, P < 0.01) and diastolic (-3.3 ± 1.1 mmHg, P < 0.01) blood pressure.ConclusionA whole-diet approach targeted multiple fasting and postprandial CVD risk markers in overweight and obese adults. In fact, the postprandial measurements provided important additional information to estimate CVD risk. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02519127.

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Theobromine consumption does not improve fasting and postprandial vascular function in overweight and obese subjects.

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Theobromine consumption does not improve fasting and postprandial vascular function in overweight and obese subjects.

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