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Prepartum body conditions affect insulin signaling pathways in postpartum adipose tissues in transition dairy cows.

ABSTRACT: Background:Overconditioned dairy cows are susceptible to excessive lipolysis and increased insulin resistance during the transition period. The associations among body fat reserve, insulin resistance, and lipolysis in adipose tissues (AT) remain to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether excessive fat reserves influence the insulin signaling pathway in AT postpartum. Results:Twenty multiparous dairy cows were selected and assigned to one of two groups, according to prepartum body condition score (BCS): Control group (BCS?=?3.0-3.5; n?=?10) and Overconditioned group (BCS???4.0; n?=?10). Blood samples were collected on days -14, -7, -4, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 relative to parturition. Subcutaneous AT were collected on day 2 following parturition for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. No differences were observed between the two groups in serum glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, ?-hydroxybutyric acid, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ?, insulin, or leptin concentrations during the experimental period. Compared with the control cows, the overconditioned cows had lower serum triglyceride levels and higher adiponectin concentrations. In the AT postpartum, insulin receptor mRNA and protein levels were lower in the overconditioned cows than in the control cows, and no differences were found in glucose transporter 4 mRNA. Compared with the control cows, the overconditioned cows had lower mRNA levels of TNF? and higher mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR?) in AT postpartum. The phosphorylated protein kinase B (AKT) content and phosphorylation rate of AKT were increased in the overconditioned cows compared with the control cows, which suggested that the downstream insulin signaling in AT was affected. Conclusions:In the present study, transition dairy cows with higher BCS did not show more fat mobilization. The changes of insulin signaling pathway in AT postpartum of overconditioned cows may be partly related to the expression of PPAR? and TNF?, and the secretion of adiponectin.

SUBMITTER: Zhang F

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6518689 | biostudies-literature | 2019

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Prepartum body conditions affect insulin signaling pathways in postpartum adipose tissues in transition dairy cows.

Zhang Fanjian F Li Dan D Wu Qiong Q Sun Jian J Guan Wenyi W Hou Yinxu Y Zhu Yaohong Y Wang Jiufeng J

Journal of animal science and biotechnology 20190515

<h4>Background</h4>Overconditioned dairy cows are susceptible to excessive lipolysis and increased insulin resistance during the transition period. The associations among body fat reserve, insulin resistance, and lipolysis in adipose tissues (AT) remain to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether excessive fat reserves influence the insulin signaling pathway in AT postpartum.<h4>Results</h4>Twenty multiparous dairy cows were selected and assigned to one of two groups, ac ...[more]

PMID: 31114678

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Project description:Background:The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of energy overfeeding during the dry period on adipose tissue transcriptome profiles during the periparturient period in dairy cows. Methods:Fourteen primiparous Holstein cows from a larger cohort receiving a higher-energy diet (1.62 Mcal of net energy for lactation/kg of dry matter; 15% crude protein) for ad libitum intake to supply 150% (OVR) or 100% (CTR) of energy requirements from dry off until parturition were used. After calving, all cows received the same lactation diet. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) biopsies were collected at -?14, 1, and 14?d from parturition (d) and used for transcriptome profiling using a bovine oligonucleotide microarray. Data mining of differentially expressed genes (DEG) between treatments and due to sampling time was performed using the Dynamic Impact Approach (DIA) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Results:There was a strong effect of over-feeding energy on DEG with 2434 (False discovery rate-corrected P?<?0.05) between OVR and CTR at -?14 d, and only 340 and 538 at 1 and 14 d. The most-impacted and activated pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database that were highlighted by DIA analysis at -?14 d in OVR vs. CTR included 9 associated with carbohydrate metabolism, with 'Pyruvate metabolism', 'Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis', and 'Pentose phosphate pathway' among the most-activated. Not surprisingly, OVR led to marked activation of lipid metabolism (e.g. 'Fatty acid biosynthesis' and 'Glycerolipid metabolism'). Unexpected metabolic pathways that were activated at -?14 d in OVR included several related to metabolism of amino acids (e.g. branched chain) and of cofactors and vitamins (thiamin). Among endocrine and immune system pathways, at -?14 d OVR led to marked activation of 'PPAR signalling' and 'Antigen processing and presentation'. Among key pathways affected over time in OVR, a number were related to translation (e.g. mTOR signaling), endocrine/immune signaling (CXCR4 and IGF1), and lipid metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation) with greater activation in OVR vs. CTR specifically at -?14 d. Although statistical differences for several pathways in OVR vs. CTR nearly disappeared at 1 and 14 vs. -?14 d, despite the well-known catabolic state of adipose depots after calving, the bioinformatics analyses suggested important roles for a number of signaling mechanisms at -?14 vs. 14 than 1 vs. -14 d. This was particularly evident in cows fed to meet predicted energy requirements during the dry period (CTR). Conclusions:Data underscored a strong activation by overfeeding energy of anabolic processes in the SAT exclusively prepartum. The study confirmed that higher-energy diets prepartum drive a transcriptional cascade of events orchestrated in part by the activation of PPAR? that regulate preadipocyte differentiation and lipid storage in SAT. Novel aspects of SAT biology to energy overfeeding or change in physiologic state also were uncovered, including the role of amino acid metabolism, mTOR signaling, and the immune system.

Project description:A transcriptomic approach was used to evaluate potential interactions between prepartum body condition score (BCS) and feeding management in the weeks before calving on hepatic metabolism during the transition period. Thirty-two mid-lactation grazing dairy cows of mixed age and breed were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: two prepartum BCS categories [4.0 (thin, BCS4) and 5.0 (optimal, BCS5); based on a 10-point scale], and two levels of energy intake during the 3 wk preceding calving (75 and 125% of estimated requirements). Liver samples were obtained at -7, 7, and 28 d relative to parturition and subsequent RNA was hybridized to the Agilent 44K Bovine (V2) Microarray chip. The Dynamic Impact Approach was used for pathway analysis, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used for gene network analysis. The greater number of differentially expressed genes in BCS4 cows in response to prepartum feed allowance indicated that these animals were more responsive to prepartum nutrition management than optimally-conditioned cows. However, independent of prepartum BCS, pathway analysis revealed that prepartal feeding level had a marked effect on carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid, and glycan metabolism. Altered carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism indicated a greater and more prolonged negative energy balance post-calving in BCS5 cows overfed prepartum. This was indicated by opposite effects of pre-calving feeding in in BCS4 compared with BCS5 cows in amino acid, vitamin, and co-factor metabolism. The prepartum feed restriction ameliorated the metabolic adaptation to the new lactation in BCS5 cows, while detrimentally affecting BCS4 cows, which seemed to adapt better when overfed. Moreover, alterations in the glycosaminoglycans synthesis pathway support this idea, indicating better hepatic health status in feed-restricted BCS5 cows and overfed BCS4 animals. IPA network analysis indicated liver damage in feed-restricted thin cows, likely due to metabolic overload. Overall, the data indicate that overfeeding in late-pregnancy should be limited to underconditioned animals, while cow with optimal degree of body condition should be maintained on an energy restricted diet.

Project description:The objective of this study was to determine the effects of uterine and systemic inflammatory responses to uterine bacterial contamination at calving in dairy cows on the growth and ovulatory outcomes of the first dominant follicle postpartum. Ovulatory capability of the first dominant follicle postpartum was predicted in 53 multiparous cows by using a combination of follicle growth characteristics and circulating estradiol concentrations. Endotoxin levels were assayed in follicular fluid samples that were aspirated the day after ovulatory outcome prediction. Plasma levels of haptoglobin, a proinflammatory acute phase protein, and paraoxonase, a negative acute phase protein were determined. Uterine bacteria and inflammation were evaluated in three uterine fluid samples from each cow collected on the day of calving, the day after follicle aspiration, and at 35 days postpartum. Cows that had a strong initial uterine inflammatory response (robust recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes of ? 35% and cows with uterine pH < 8.5 on the day of calving) were more likely to have an ovulatory first dominant follicle. Follicular fluid endotoxin levels were higher in non-ovulatory cows compared with ovulatory cows. Endotoxin levels in circulation were not different between ovulatory groups but were higher prepartum than on day 7 and 14 postpartum. Systemic inflammation characterized by elevated haptoglobin concentrations was higher in non-ovulatory cows despite similar bacterial contamination and circulating endotoxin levels. Paraoxonase activity in follicular fluid was significantly associated with the paraoxonase activity in plasma, however, plasma paraoxonase concentrations were not different between non-ovulatory and ovulatory cows. Cows with a higher uterine bacterial load on the day of calving had slower ovarian follicle growth. In summary, a robust uterine inflammatory response on the day of calving was positively associated with ovarian function while elevated systemic inflammation during the early postpartum period was negatively associated with the ovulatory status of the first dominant follicle postpartum.

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Prepartum body conditions affect insulin signaling pathways in postpartum adipose tissues in transition dairy cows.

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Prepartum body conditions affect insulin signaling pathways in postpartum adipose tissues in transition dairy cows.

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