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Chemical and Immunological Characteristics of Aluminum-Based, Oil-Water Emulsion, and Bacterial-Origin Adjuvants.

ABSTRACT: Adjuvants are a diverse family of substances whose main objective is to increase the strength, quality, and duration of the immune response caused by vaccines. The most commonly used adjuvants are aluminum-based, oil-water emulsion, and bacterial-origin adjuvants. In this paper, we will discuss how the election of adjuvants is important for the adjuvant-mediated induction of immunity for different types of vaccines. Aluminum-based adjuvants are the most commonly used, the safest, and have the best efficacy, due to the triggering of a strong humoral response, albeit generating a weak induction of cell-mediated immune response. Freund's adjuvant is the most widely used oil-water emulsion adjuvant in animal trials; it stimulates inflammation and causes aggregation and precipitation of soluble protein antigens that facilitate the uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Adjuvants of bacterial origin, such as flagellin, E. coli membranes, and monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA), are known to potentiate immune responses, but their safety and risks are the main concern of their clinical use. This minireview summarizes the mechanisms that classic and novel adjuvants produce to stimulate immune responses.

SUBMITTER: Martinon S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6530223 | biostudies-literature | 2019

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Chemical and Immunological Characteristics of Aluminum-Based, Oil-Water Emulsion, and Bacterial-Origin Adjuvants.

Martiñón Susana S Cisneros Angel A Villicaña Sergio S Hernández-Miramontes Ricardo R Mixcoha Edgar E Calderón-Vargas Psyché P

Journal of immunology research 20190508

Adjuvants are a diverse family of substances whose main objective is to increase the strength, quality, and duration of the immune response caused by vaccines. The most commonly used adjuvants are aluminum-based, oil-water emulsion, and bacterial-origin adjuvants. In this paper, we will discuss how the election of adjuvants is important for the adjuvant-mediated induction of immunity for different types of vaccines. Aluminum-based adjuvants are the most commonly used, the safest, and have the be ...[more]

PMID: 31205956

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Project description:Background:Application of topical moisturizers is an essential part of the management of atopic dermatitis (AD). Linoleic acid (LA), the most abundant fatty acid in the epidermis, and its derivatives have an essential role in the structure and function of the epidermal barrier, and their defects are prominent in AD. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of two cosmetic products containing either LA or urea in patients with AD. Patients and methods:A total of 20 patients with AD who met the eligibility criteria and provided written informed consents were enrolled in this randomized, intra-individual split-body, single-center trial. Symmetrical lesions of patients were randomized for treatment with LA- or urea-containing water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions applied two to three times daily for 4 weeks. The efficacy of the two products was evaluated by local Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) of both lesions and also patient (or guardian) satisfaction. In addition, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum (SC) hydration, pH, sebum, temperature, erythema, melanin content, and ultrasonographic thickness and echo density of epidermis and dermis were measured before, and 2 and 4 weeks after, treatment. Results:Four weeks of treatment with the LA-containing product resulted in a significant decrease in local SCORAD, TEWL, erythema, and echo density of dermis, as well as an increase in SC hydration compared to baseline. The urea-containing product also reduced the local SCO-RAD and echo density of dermis and increased SC hydration. In contrast to the LA-containing product, changes in TEWL and erythema were not significant. Moreover, the reduction of erythema was significantly higher in the LA-containing product-treated side compared to the urea-containing product-treated side (p = 0.006). Conclusion:Both LA- or urea-containing w/o emulsions can significantly improve barrier dysfunction and clinical severity of AD. In agreement with literature, it was confirmed that an LA-containing w/o emulsion exhibited erythema-reducing effects. Since emollients should be used on a regular basis, patients should choose a product by individual preference following recommendation by their dermatologists.

Dataset Information

Chemical and Immunological Characteristics of Aluminum-Based, Oil-Water Emulsion, and Bacterial-Origin Adjuvants.

Publications

Chemical and Immunological Characteristics of Aluminum-Based, Oil-Water Emulsion, and Bacterial-Origin Adjuvants.

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