Dataset Information

Vitamin D in Wild and Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)-What Do We Know?

ABSTRACT: Salmon have been widely publicized as a good dietary source of vitamin D, but recent data points to large variation in vitamin D content and differences between wild and farmed salmon. We aimed to: (1) investigate the content of vitamin D in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in wild species caught in two different waters, (2) perform a 12-week feeding trial in farmed Salmo salar with 270-1440 µg vitamin D₃/kg feed (4-20 times maximum level in the EU) and (3) conduct a review for the published data on the content of vitamin D in salmonids. Content of vitamin D₃ in the fillet from wild salmon caught in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea was significantly different (p < 0.05), being 18.5 ± 4.6 µg/100 g and 9.4 ± 1.9 µg/100 g, respectively. In the farmed salmon the content ranged from 2.9 ± 0.7 µg vitamin D₃/100 g to 9.5 ± 0.7 µg vitamin D₃/100 g. Data from 2018 shows that farmed salmon contained 2.3-7.3 µg vitamin D₃/100 g. Information on the content of vitamin D in wild and farmed salmonids is very limited, which calls for further research to ensure a sustainable production of salmon with adequate vitamin D.

SUBMITTER: Jakobsen J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6566758 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Vitamin D in Wild and Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)-What Do We Know?

Jakobsen Jette J Smith Cat C Bysted Anette A Cashman Kevin D KD

Nutrients 20190429 5

Salmon have been widely publicized as a good dietary source of vitamin D, but recent data points to large variation in vitamin D content and differences between wild and farmed salmon. We aimed to: (1) investigate the content of vitamin D in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in wild species caught in two different waters, (2) perform a 12-week feeding trial in farmed Salmo salar with 270-1440 µg vitamin D3/kg feed (4-20 times maximum level in the EU) and (3) conduct a review ...[more]

PMID: 31036792

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Project description:BackgroundInfection with the myxozoan parasite Parvicapsula pseudobranchicola causes disease in wild and farmed salmonids in Norway. In the northeast Pacific Ocean, the parasite has been reported in Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. without evidence of disease. The objectives of the present study were to confirm the identity of P. pseudobranchicola in the Pacific, document its host and geographic ranges, and describe associated pathological changes.MethodsOcean-entry year wild pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, chum salmon O. keta, Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha, coho salmon O. kisutch and sockeye salmon O. nerka were collected in summer and autumn surveys near Vancouver Island (VI) and from a winter survey in the Gulf of Alaska. Samples were also obtained from farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and Chinook salmon near VI. Samples were analysed by qPCR and histology using conventional staining or in situ hybridisation. Parasite sequence was obtained from small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA).ResultsIdentical 1525 base-pair SSU rDNA sequences from infected pink salmon, chum salmon and Chinook salmon shared 99.93% identity with a P. pseudobranchicola sequence from Norwegian Atlantic salmon. In autumn surveys, the prevalence was greatest in chum salmon (91.8%) and pink salmon (85.9%) and less so in Chinook salmon (68.8%) and sockeye salmon (8.3%). In farmed salmon, the prevalence was zero in Atlantic salmon (n = 967) and 41% in Chinook salmon (n = 118). Infections were preferentially sited in pseudobranch and visualised by in situ hybridisation. Heavy parasite burdens in all species of Pacific salmon were inconsistently associated with focal granulomatous pseudobranchitis.ConclusionsIn the northeast Pacific, widespread occurrence of P. pseudobranchicola in Pacific salmon together with its absence or sporadic occurrence in farmed Atlantic salmon differs from its epidemiology in Norway, despite similar pathological development in the pseudobranch. Consequences of the infections to the health of wild Pacific salmon, identity of the invertebrate host and the distribution and abundance of infective actinospores are unknown and remain high priorities for research.

Dataset Information

Vitamin D in Wild and Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)-What Do We Know?

Publications

Vitamin D in Wild and Farmed Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo Salar</i>)-What Do We Know?

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