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Cyclin C directly stimulates Drp1 GTP affinity to mediate stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfission.

ABSTRACT: Mitochondria exist in an equilibrium between fragmented and fused states that shifts heavily toward fission in response to cellular damage. Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic cyclin C relocalization is essential for dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-dependent mitochondrial fission in response to oxidative stress. This study finds that cyclin C directly interacts with the Drp1 GTPase domain, increases its affinity to GTP, and stimulates GTPase activity in vitro. In addition, the cyclin C domain that binds Drp1 is contained within the non-Cdk binding second cyclin box domain common to all cyclin family members. This interaction is important, as this domain is sufficient to induce mitochondrial fission when expressed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts in the absence of additional stress signals. Using gel filtration chromatography and negative stain electron microscopy, we found that cyclin C interaction changes the geometry of Drp1 oligomers in vitro. High-molecular weight low-GTPase activity oligomers in the form of short filaments and rings were diminished, while dimers and elongated filaments were observed. Our results support a model in which cyclin C binding stimulates the reduction of low-GTPase activity Drp1 oligomers into dimers capable of producing high-GTPase activity filaments.

SUBMITTER: Ganesan V

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6589575 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cyclin C directly stimulates Drp1 GTP affinity to mediate stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfission.

Ganesan Vidyaramanan V Willis Stephen D SD Chang Kai-Ti KT Beluch Samuel S Cooper Katrina F KF Strich Randy R

Molecular biology of the cell 20181205 3

Mitochondria exist in an equilibrium between fragmented and fused states that shifts heavily toward fission in response to cellular damage. Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic cyclin C relocalization is essential for dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-dependent mitochondrial fission in response to oxidative stress. This study finds that cyclin C directly interacts with the Drp1 GTPase domain, increases its affinity to GTP, and stimulates GTPase activity in vitro. In addition, the cyclin C domain that binds Drp ...[more]

PMID: 30516433

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Project description:Background Nuclear-to-mitochondrial communication regulating gene expression and mitochondrial function is a critical process following cardiac ischemic injury. In this study, we determined that cyclin C, a component of the Mediator complex, regulates cardiac and mitochondrial function in part by modifying mitochondrial fission. We tested the hypothesis that cyclin C functions as a transcriptional cofactor in the nucleus and a signaling molecule stimulating mitochondrial fission in response to stimuli such as cardiac ischemia. Methods and Results We utilized gain- and loss-of-function mouse models in which the CCNC (cyclin C) gene was constitutively expressed (transgenic, CycC cTg) or deleted (knockout, CycC cKO) in cardiomyocytes. The knockout and transgenic mice exhibited decreased cardiac function and altered mitochondria morphology. The hearts of knockout mice had enlarged mitochondria with increased length and area, whereas mitochondria from the hearts of transgenic mice were significantly smaller, demonstrating a role for cyclin C in regulating mitochondrial dynamics in vivo. Hearts from knockout mice displayed altered gene transcription and metabolic function, suggesting that cyclin C is essential for maintaining normal cardiac function. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that cyclin C translocates to the cytoplasm, enhancing mitochondria fission following stress. We demonstrated that cyclin C interacts with Cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1) in vivo following ischemia/reperfusion injury and that, consequently, pretreatment with a Cdk1 inhibitor results in reduced mitochondrial fission. This finding suggests a potential therapeutic target to regulate mitochondrial dynamics in response to stress. Conclusions Our study revealed that cyclin C acts as a nuclear-to-mitochondrial signaling factor that regulates both cardiac hypertrophic gene expression and mitochondrial fission. This finding provides new insights into the regulation of cardiac energy metabolism following acute ischemic injury.

Project description:Background: Glucose oxidation is a major contributor to myocardial energy production and its contribution is orchestrated by insulin. While insulin can increase glucose oxidation indirectly by enhancing glucose uptake and glycolysis, it also directly stimulates mitochondrial glucose oxidation, independent of increasing glucose uptake or glycolysis, through activating mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme of glucose oxidation. However, how insulin directly stimulates PDH is not known. To determine this, we characterized the impacts of modifying mitochondrial insulin signaling kinases, namely protein kinase B (Akt), protein kinase C-delta (PKC-?) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3?), on the direct insulin stimulation of glucose oxidation.Methods: We employed an isolated working mouse heart model to measure the effect of insulin on cardiac glycolysis, glucose oxidation and fatty acid oxidation and how that could be affected when mitochondrial Akt, PKC-? or GSK-3? is disturbed using pharmacological modulators. We also used differential centrifugation to isolate mitochondrial and cytosol fraction to examine the activity of Akt, PKC-? and GSK-3? between these fractions. Data were analyzed using unpaired t-test and two-way ANOVA.Results: Here we show that insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of mitochondrial Akt is a prerequisite for transducing insulin's direct stimulation of glucose oxidation. Inhibition of mitochondrial Akt completely abolishes insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation, independent of glucose uptake or glycolysis. We also show a novel role of mitochondrial PKC-? in modulating mitochondrial glucose oxidation. Inhibition of mitochondrial PKC-? mimics insulin stimulation of glucose oxidation and mitochondrial Akt. We also demonstrate that inhibition of mitochondrial GSK3? phosphorylation does not influence insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation.Conclusion: We identify, for the first time, insulin-stimulated mitochondrial Akt as a prerequisite transmitter of the insulin signal that directly stimulates cardiac glucose oxidation. These novel findings suggest that targeting mitochondrial Akt is a potential therapeutic approach to enhance cardiac insulin sensitivity in condition such as heart failure, diabetes and obesity.

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Cyclin C directly stimulates Drp1 GTP affinity to mediate stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfission.

Publications

Cyclin C directly stimulates Drp1 GTP affinity to mediate stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfission.

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