Glycemic Index of Slowly Digestible Carbohydrate Alone and in Powdered Drink-Mix.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Gourineni V
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6627922 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:ObjectiveGiven that the prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to increase, it is important to find an effective method to prevent or treat this disease. Previous studies have shown that dietary intervention with a slowly digestible carbohydrate (SDC) diet can improve T2DM with almost no side effects. However, the underlying mechanisms of SDC protect against T2DM remains to be elucidated.MethodsThe T2DM mice model was established with a high-fat diet and streptozocin injection. Then, SDC was administered for 6 weeks. Bodyweight, food intake, organ indices, fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and other biochemical parameters were measured. Histopathological and lipid accumulation analyses were performed, and the glucose metabolism-related gene expressions in the liver and skeletal muscle were determined. Lastly, colonic microbiota was also analyzed.ResultsSDC intervention alleviated the weight loss in the pancreas, lowered blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, and improved glucose tolerance and HOMA-IR. SDC intervention improved serum lipid profile, adipocytokines levels, and lowered the lipid accumulation in the liver, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and epididymal visceral adipose tissue. In addition, SDC intervention increased the expression levels of IRS-2 and GLUT-2 in liver tissues and elevated GLUT-4 expression levels in skeletal muscle tissues. Notably, SDC intervention decreased the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, increased Desulfovibrio and Lachnospiraceae genus levels, and inhibited the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria.ConclusionsSDC intervention can improve hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia status in diabetic mice, suggesting that this intervention might be beneficial for T2DM.
| S-EPMC9051025 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe quality of carbohydrate consumed, assessed by the glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), or carbohydrate quality index (CQI), affects the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses, which have been implicated in the etiology of several chronic diseases. However, it is unclear whether plasma metabolites involved in different biological pathways could provide functional insights into the role of carbohydrate quality indices in health.ObjectivesWe aimed to identify plasma metabolomic profiles associated with dietary GI, GL, and CQI.MethodsThe present study is a cross-sectional analysis of 1833 participants with overweight/obesity (mean age = 67 y) from 2 case-cohort studies nested within the PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) trial. Data extracted from validated FFQs were used to estimate the GI, GL, and CQI. Plasma concentrations of 385 metabolites were profiled with LC coupled to MS and associations of these metabolites with those indices were assessed with elastic net regression analyses.ResultsA total of 58, 18, and 57 metabolites were selected for GI, GL, and CQI, respectively. Choline, cotinine, γ-butyrobetaine, and 36:3 phosphatidylserine plasmalogen were positively associated with GI and GL, whereas they were negatively associated with CQI. Fructose-glucose-galactose was negatively and positively associated with GI/GL and CQI, respectively. Consistent associations of 21 metabolites with both GI and CQI were found but in opposite directions. Negative associations of kynurenic acid, 22:1 sphingomyelin, and 38:6 phosphatidylethanolamine, as well as positive associations of 32:1 phosphatidylcholine with GI and GL were also observed. Pearson correlation coefficients between GI, GL, and CQI and the metabolomic profiles were 0.30, 0.22, and 0.27, respectively.ConclusionsThe GI, GL, and CQI were associated with specific metabolomic profiles in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular disease risk. Our findings may help in understanding the role of dietary carbohydrate indices in the development of cardiometabolic disorders. This trial was registered at isrctn.com as ISRCTN35739639.
| S-EPMC7779218 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Carbohydrate intake affects postprandial glucose levels and insulin response, which plays a role in carcinogenesis. The relationship between carbohydrate intake, dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), and risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unclear. We conducted a case-control study including 854 patients with newly diagnosed RCC (cases) and 1255 healthy participants (controls) recruited since 2002. GI, GL and carbohydrate intake were obtained via a validated food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. We found that higher GI was significantly associated with RCC risk with an OR of 1.32 (95% CI, 0.99-1.74; Ptrend = 0.026) (the highest versus the lowest quartiles). We also observed an inverse association between fiber intake and RCC risk with OR of 0.70 (95% CI = 0.50-0.99) as well as between starch intake and risk of RCC with OR of 0.65 (95% CI = 0.49-0.87). Individuals with a high-GI diet and hypertension or high body mass index (BMI) had a 2.7 times (OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 1.96-3.64) and two times (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.29-2.92) higher RCC risk, respectively, than those without these factors. Our findings suggest that a high-GI diet is associated with an increased risk of RCC, whereas increased fiber and starch intakes appear to be associated with a decreased risk of RCC. We found that reducing GI levels and increasing fiber intake could be a dietary strategy to decrease RCC risk, especially for individuals with hypertension or high BMI.
| S-EPMC5862287 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Diet plays an important role in management of diabetes and foods having low glycemic index are gaining more importance as they delay the release of glucose in the blood. It is essential to develop low glycemic food mix from regionally available ingredients for use in daily dietaries. Hence, the present study was undertaken to assess the glycemic index of the traditional recipes prepared from developed millet based food mix and their effect on pre diabetic subjects. The developed millet based food mix had appreciable amount of protein (19.41 g/100 g) and dietary fibre (21.11 g/100 g). The traditional recipes viz., roti, dosa and dumpling (mudde) prepared from developed mix exhibited higher acceptance with good sensory parameters and are comparable to regional preparations. The glycemic index was found to be 37, 48 and 53 for dosa, mudde and roti respectively with a glycemic load of 11.05, 18.43 and 18.09. However, all the three developed products showed the relatively lower glycemic index (< 55) and moderate glycemic load of < 20. Further, dietary intervention on pre diabetic subjects revealed that there was a significant reduction in FBS (120.50 ± 18.73 to 97.81 ± 20.00) and HbA1c (6.14 ± 0.30 to 5.67 ± 0.40) indicating their preferable option in the management of diabetes mellitus.
| S-EPMC7270244 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Endometrial cancer risk has been directly associated with glycemic load. However, few studies have investigated this link, and the etiological role of specific dietary carbohydrate components remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate associations of carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, and glycemic load with endometrial cancer risk in the US Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Recruitment took place in 1993-2001. Over a median of 9.0 years of follow-up through 2009, 386 women developed endometrial cancer among 36,115 considered in the analysis. Dietary intakes were assessed using a 124-item diet history questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Significant inverse associations were detected between endometrial cancer risk and total available carbohydrate intake (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49, 0.90), total sugars intake (HR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.96), and glycemic load (HR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.84) when women in the highest quartile of intake were compared with those in the lowest. These inverse associations were strongest among overweight and obese women. No associations with endometrial cancer risk were observed for glycemic index or dietary fiber. Our findings contrast with previous evidence and suggest that high carbohydrate intakes and glycemic loads are protective against endometrial cancer development. Further clarification of these associations is warranted.
| S-EPMC5855529 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundReplacing carbohydrate with protein acutely increases glomerular filtration rate (GFR) but is associated with faster, long-term kidney disease progression. The effects of carbohydrate type (i.e. glycemic index, GI) on kidney function are unknown.MethodsWe conducted an ancillary study of a randomized, crossover feeding trial in overweight/obese adults without diabetes or kidney disease (N = 163). Participants were fed each of four healthy, DASH-like diets for 5 weeks, separated by 2-week washout periods. Weight was kept constant. The four diets were: high GI (GI ≥65) with high %carb (58 % kcal) (reference diet), low GI (≤45) with low %carb (40 % kcal), low GI with high %carb; and high GI with low %carb. Plasma was collected at baseline and after each feeding period. Study outcomes were cystatin C, β2-microglobulin (β2M), and estimated GFR based on cystatin C (eGFRcys).ResultsMean (SD) age was 52 (11) years; 52 % were women; 50 % were black. At baseline, mean (SD) cystatin C, β2M, and eGFRcys were 0.8 (0.1) mg/L, 1.9 (0.4) mg/L, and 104 (16) mL/min/1.73 m(2). Compared to the high GI/high %carb diet, reducing GI, %carb, or both increased eGFRcys by 1.9 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (95 % CI: 1.1, 2.7; P < 0.001), 3.0 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (1.9, 4.0; P < 0.001), and 4.5 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (3.5, 5.4; P < 0.001), respectively. Increases in eGFRcys from reducing GI were significantly associated with increases in eGFRcys from reducing %carb (P < 0.001). Results for cystatin C and β2M reflected eGFRcys.ConclusionsReducing GI increased GFR. Reducing %carb by increasing calories from protein and fat, also increased GFR. Future studies on GI should examine the long-term effects of this increase in GFR on kidney injury markers and clinical outcomes.Trial registrationClinical Trials.gov, number: NCT00608049 (first registered January 23, 2008).
| S-EPMC4938908 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Previously, we have identified and characterized 4,6-?-glucanotransferase enzymes of the glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 70 (GH70) that cleave (?1?4)-linkages in amylose and introduce (?1?6)-linkages in linear chains. The 4,6-?-glucanotransferase of Lactobacillus reuteri 121, for instance, converts amylose into an isomalto/malto-polysaccharide (IMMP) with 90% (?1?6)-linkages. Over the years, also, branching sucrase enzymes belonging to GH70 have been characterized. These enzymes use sucrose as a donor substrate to glucosylate dextran as an acceptor substrate, introducing single -(1?2,6)-?-d-Glcp-(1?6)- (Leuconostoc citreum enzyme) or -(1?3,6)-?-d-Glcp-(1?6)-branches (Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc fallax, Lactobacillus kunkeei enzymes). In this work, we observed that the catalytic domain 2 of the L. kunkeei branching sucrase used not only dextran but also IMMP as the acceptor substrate, introducing -(1?3,6)-?-d-Glcp-(1?6)-branches. The products obtained have been structurally characterized in detail, revealing the addition of single (?1?3)-linked glucose units to IMMP (resulting in a comb-like structure). The in vitro digestibility of the various ?-glucans was estimated with the glucose generation rate (GGR) assay that uses rat intestinal acetone powder to simulate the digestive enzymes in the upper intestine. Raw wheat starch is known to be a slowly digestible carbohydrate in mammals and was used as a benchmark control. Compared to raw wheat starch, IMMP and dextran showed reduced digestibility, with partially digestible and indigestible portions. Interestingly, the digestibility of the branching sucrase modified IMMP and dextran products considerably decreased with increasing percentages of (?1?3)-linkages present. The treatment of amylose with 4,6-?-glucanotransferase and branching sucrase/sucrose thus allowed for the synthesis of amylose/starch derived ?-glucans with markedly reduced digestibility. These starch derived ?-glucans may find applications in the food industry.
| S-EPMC7304062 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo clarify the role of dietary carbohydrate, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load (GL) in progression from health to coronary heart disease (CHD) by determining disease-nutrient risk relation (RR) values needed for intake ranges within jurisdictions and across the globe.MethodsWe performed a literature search of MEDLINE and EMBASE for prospective cohort studies that used truly valid dietary instruments in heathy adults published from January 1, 2000, to June 5, 2018. Relevant observations were extracted by 2 reviewers independently. We used dose-response meta-analysis accounting for nonindependence of results within studies. Bradford-Hill criteria were used to assess causality.ResultsEligible studies had a mean follow-up of 11 years (range, 5-19 years), were conducted in North America, Europe, and East Asia, and yielded combined RRs of 1.44 (95% CI, 1.25-1.65) per 65 g/d GL (11 studies) and 1.24 (95% CI, 1.12-1.38) per 10 U GI (10 studies) (glucose scale). The CHD-carbohydrate RR on GI was 1.66 (95% CI, 1.23-2.25) per 98 g/d of carbohydrates per 10 units GI. The 65 g/d GL, 10 U GI, and 98 g/d carbohydrate values corresponded to oral intakes from the 10th to the 90th percentiles within sampled populations. Inconsistencies were minor (I 2 ≤20%), as were small-study effects (P=.61 for GL and P=.26 for GI). Funnel plots were symmetric. Cubic spline dose-response meta-analysis yielded RRs as follows: across the global range for GL (55-290 g/d), 5.5 (95% CI, 3.1-9.8) (I 2 =0); for GI (47-82 U), 2.71 (95% CI, 1.47-4.40) (I 2 =0); and for the CHD-carbohydrate dependence on GI (50-80 U), 4.57 (95% CI, 1.86-11.4) (I 2 =16%). Bradford-Hill criteria indicated that these relations were probably causal.ConclusionStrong and probably causal CHD-GL and GI RRs exist within populations. The RRs were remarkably higher across global exposures. The results support the consideration of these markers of carbohydrate food quality in dietary guidelines for general populations.Trial registrationPROSPERO Identifier: CRD42013004504.
| S-EPMC6410335 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To investigate the potential influence of dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, or carbohydrate intake and lung cancer risk in Shanghai. We prospectively investigated the associations among 130,858 participants in the Shanghai Women's and Men's Health Studies. Diet was assessed using validated food-frequency questionnaires. Lung cancer cases were ascertained through annual record linkage and every 2-3 years in-home visits. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). After excluding the first 2 years of observation, 1312 participants (including 649 women and 663 men) developed lung cancer during an average follow-up of 14.8 (SD: 2.0) years for SWHS and 9.3 (SD: 1.6) years for SMHS. In multivariable analysis, no statistically significant associations were observed between glycemic index, glycemic load, and carbohydrate intake and lung cancer risk for either men or women. Similar results were observed among never smokers, and participants without history of lung disease, diabetes, or hypertension. Stratification by body mass index or menopause status also did not alter the findings. Our studies, conducted in populations who habitually have high-carbohydrate diets, provide no evidence that dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, or carbohydrate intake is associated with lung cancer risk.
| S-EPMC6527441 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe type and quantity of dietary carbohydrate as quantified by glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), and dietary fiber may influence the risk of liver and biliary tract cancers, but convincing evidence is lacking.Patients and methodsThe association between dietary GI/GL and carbohydrate intake with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; N = 191), intrahepatic bile duct (IBD; N = 66), and biliary tract (N = 236) cancer risk was investigated in 477 206 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Dietary intake was assessed by country-specific, validated dietary questionnaires. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated from proportional hazard models. HBV/HCV status was measured in a nested case-control subset.ResultsHigher dietary GI, GL, or increased intake of total carbohydrate was not associated with liver or biliary tract cancer risk. For HCC, divergent risk estimates were observed for total sugar = 1.43 (1.17-1.74) per 50 g/day, total starch = 0.70 (0.55-0.90) per 50 g/day, and total dietary fiber = 0.70 (0.52-0.93) per 10 g/day. The findings for dietary fiber were confirmed among HBV/HCV-free participants [0.48 (0.23-1.01)]. Similar associations were observed for IBD [dietary fiber = 0.59 (0.37-0.99) per 10 g/day], but not biliary tract cancer.ConclusionsFindings suggest that higher consumption of dietary fiber and lower consumption of total sugars are associated with lower HCC risk. In addition, high dietary fiber intake could be associated with lower IBD cancer risk.
| S-EPMC3551485 | biostudies-literature