Glycemic index of millet based food mix and its effect on pre diabetic subjects.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Geetha K
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7270244 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Similar Datasets
Project description:Consumer interest in food and beverages with carbohydrates offering steady glucose release and lower glycemic index (GI) continues to rise. Glycemic index is one of the metrics for carbohydrate quality. Slowly digestible carbohydrates (SDC) offer an ingredient solution to improve carbohydrate quality and meet consumer needs. SUSTRATM 2434 slowly digestible carbohydrate is a blend of tapioca flour and corn starch. The study objective was to determine the glycemic index of the SDC ingredient alone and in a powdered drink-mix. In a randomized, single-blind study, heathy adults (n = 14) consumed four test drinks, delivering 50 g available carbohydrates on separate days to measure GI. Participants either consumed dextrose in water (placebo), SDC ingredient in water, SDC drink-mix powder reconstituted in skim milk, or control drink-mix reconstituted in skim milk (without SDC). Post-prandial glucose response was measured over 4 h. SDC exhibited lower GI (0-2 h) and higher steady glucose release (beyond 2 h). SDC alone (GI = 27) and SDC in drink-mix (GI = 30.3) showed significantly lower GI (-27%) compared to dextrose (100) and the control drink-mix (41.5). SUSTRATM 2434 SDC is a low glycemic ingredient, suitable for product innovations with potential for low glycemic and steady glucose release claims.
| S-EPMC6627922 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimThe coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 incidence was higher in diabetes mellitus (DM), although several differences should be considered on the basis of characteristics of cohorts evaluated. This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence and potential consequences of COVID-19 in a large diabetic population in Northern Italy.DesignObservational, longitudinal, retrospective, clinical study.MethodsSubjects with both type 1 and type 2 DM living in the Province of Modena and submitted to at least one SARS-CoV-2 swab between March 2020 and March 2021 were included. Data were extracted from the Hospital data warehouse.Results9553 diabetic subjects were enrolled (age 68.8 ± 14.1 years, diabetes duration 11.0 ± 6.9 years, glycated hemoglobin 57.2 ± 16.2 mmol/mol). COVID-19 was detected in 2302 patients (24.1%) with a death rate of 8.9%. The mean age and diabetes duration were significantly lower in infected versus non-infected patients. SARS-CoV-2 infection was more frequent in youngest people, according to quartile of age and retirement pension age of 65 years. No differences were detected considering sex. Higher HbA1c was detected in infected compared to non-infected patient. Death was predicted by diabetes duration and HbA1c. ROC analyses for death risk showed significant threshold for diabetes duration (10.9 years) and age (74.4 years).ConclusionIn our cohort, SARS-CoV-2 infection correlates with age, diabetes duration and disease control. Diabetic patients with COVID-19 should be carefully followed when older than 74 years and with more than 10 years of DM duration.
| S-EPMC10025792 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThis study was designed to determine the glycemic indices of five commonly used varieties of dates in healthy subjects and their effects on postprandial glucose excursions in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.MethodsComposition analysis was carried out for five types of dates (Tamer stage). The weights of the flesh of the dates equivalent to 50 g of available carbohydrates were calculated. The study subjects were thirteen healthy volunteers with a mean (± SD) age of 40.2 ± 6.7 years and ten participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (controlled on lifestyle measures and/or metformin) with a mean HbA1c (± SD) of 6.6 ± (0.7%) and a mean age (± SD) of 40.8 ± 5.7 years. Each subject was tested on eight separate days with 50 g of glucose (on 3 occasions) and 50 g equivalent of available carbohydrates from the 5 varieties of date (each on one occasion). Capillary glucose was measured in the healthy subjects at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min and for the diabetics at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min. The glycemic indices were determined as ratios of the incremental areas under the response curves for the dates compared to glucose. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and repeated measures analysis of variance.ResultsMean glycemic indices ± SEM of the dates for the healthy individuals were 54.0 ± 6.1, 53.5 ± 8.6, 46.3 ± 7.1, 49.1 ± 3.6 and 55.1 ± 7.7 for Fara'd, Lulu, Bo ma'an, Dabbas and Khalas, respectively. Corresponding values for those with type 2 diabetes were very similar (46.1 ± 6.2, 43.8 ± 7.7, 51.8 ± 6.9, 50.2 ± 3.9 and 53.0 ± 6.0). There were no statistically significant differences in the GIs between the control and the diabetic groups for the five types of dates, nor were there statistically significant differences among the dates' GIs (df = 4, F = 0.365, p = 0.83).ConclusionThe results show low glycemic indices for the five types of dates included in the study and that their consumption by diabetic individuals does not result in significant postprandial glucose excursions. These findings point to the potential benefits of dates for diabetic subjects when used in a healthy balanced diet.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov NCT01307904.
| S-EPMC3112406 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background: The potential confounding effect of different amounts and proportions of macronutrients across eating patterns on meal or dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) value determinations has remained partially unaddressed.Objective: The study aimed to determine the effects of different amounts of macronutrients and fiber on measured meal GI and GL values.Design: Four studies were conducted during which participants [n = 20-22; women: 50%; age: 50-80 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 25-30)] received food challenges containing different amounts of the variable nutrient in a random order. Added to the standard 50 g available carbohydrate from white bread was 12.5, 25, or 50 g carbohydrate; 12.5, 25, or 50 g protein; and 5.6, 11.1, or 22.2 g fat from rice cereal, tuna, and unsalted butter, respectively, and 4.8 or 9.6 g fiber from oat cereal. Arterialized venous blood was sampled for 2 h, and measured meal GI and GL and insulin index (II) values were calculated by using the incremental area under the curve (AUCi) method.Results: Adding carbohydrate to the standard white-bread challenge increased glucose AUCi (P < 0.0001), measured meal GI (P = 0.0066), and mean GL (P < 0.0001). Adding protein (50 g only) decreased glucose AUCi (P = 0.0026), measured meal GI (P = 0.0139), and meal GL (P = 0.0140). Adding fat or fiber had no significant effect on these variables. Adding carbohydrate (50 g), protein (50 g), and fat (11.1 g) increased the insulin AUCi or II; fiber had no effect.Conclusions: These data indicate that uncertainty in the determination of meal GI and GL values is introduced when carbohydrate-containing foods are consumed concurrently with protein (equal amount of carbohydrate challenge) but not with carbohydrate-, fat-, or fiber-containing foods. Future studies are needed to evaluate whether this uncertainty also influences the prediction of average dietary GI and GL values for eating patterns. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01023646.
| S-EPMC5366046 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background: The potential impact of prior meal composition on the postprandial glycemic response and glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) value determinations remains unclear.Objective: We determined the effect of meals that varied in macronutrient composition on the glycemic response and determination of GI and GL values of a subsequent standard test food.Design: Twenty healthy participants underwent 6 test sessions within 12 wk. The subjects received each of 3 isocaloric breakfast meals (i.e., high carbohydrate, high fat, or high protein) on separate days in a random order, which was followed by a standard set of challenges (i.e., white bread and a glucose drink) that were tested on separate days in a random order 4 h thereafter. Each challenge provided 50 g available carbohydrate. Arterialized venous blood was sampled throughout the 2-h postchallenge period. GI, GL, and insulin index (II) values were calculated with the use of the incremental area under the curve (AUCi) method, and serum lipids were determined with the use of standard assays.Results: The consumption of the high-protein breakfast before the white-bread challenge attenuated the rise in the postprandial serum glucose response (P < 0.0001) and resulted in lower glucose AUCi (P < 0.0001), GI (P = 0.0096), and GL (P = 0.0101) values than did the high-carbohydrate and high-fat breakfasts. The high-protein breakfast resulted in a lower insulin AUCi (P = 0.0146) for white bread than did the high-fat breakfast and a lower II value (P = 0.0285) than did the high-carbohydrate breakfast. The 3 breakfasts resulted in similar serum lipid responses to the white-bread challenge.Conclusions: These data indicate that the macronutrient composition of the prior meal influences the glycemic response and the determination of GI and GL values for white bread. Future studies are needed to determine whether the background food macronutrient composition influences mean dietary GI and GL values that are calculated for eating patterns, which may alter the interpretation of the associations between these values and chronic disease risk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01023646.
| S-EPMC5657290 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background:Vitamin D deficiency is associated with indicators of pre-diabetes including, insulin resistance, ?-cell dysfunction and elevated plasma glucose with controversial findings from current trials. This study aims to investigate the long-term effect of vitamin D on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in pre-diabetic and highly vitamin-deficient subjects. Methods:One hundred thirty-two participants were randomized to 30,000?IU vitamin D weekly for 6?months. Participants underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 3-month intervals to determine the change in plasma glucose concentration at 2?h after 75?g OGTT (2hPCG). Secondary measurements included glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose and insulin, post-prandial insulin, indices of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR, Matsuda Index), ?-cell function (HOMA-?, glucose and insulin area under the curve (AUC), disposition and insulinogenic indices), and lipid profile. Results:A total of 57 (vitamin D) and 75 (placebo) subjects completed the study. Mean baseline serum 25(OH) D levels were 17.0?ng/ml and 14.9?ng/ml for placebo and vitamin D group, respectively. No significant differences were observed for 2hPC glucose or insulin sensitivity indices between groups. HOMA-? significantly decreased in the vitamin D group, while area under curve for glucose and insulin showed a significant reduction in ?-cell function in both groups. Additionally, HOMA-? was found to be significantly different between control and treatment group and significance persisted after adjusting for confounding factors. Conclusion:Vitamin D supplementation in a pre-diabetic and severely vitamin-deficient population had no effect on glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity. The observed reduction in ?-cell function in both placebo and vitamin D groups could be attributed to factors other than supplementation. Trial registration:NCT02098980, 28/03/2014 (www.clinicaltrials.gov).
| S-EPMC7050821 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load (GL) are accepted indicators of diet quality, which have an effect on diet?disease relationships. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential associations of dietary TAC, GI, and GL with variables related to nutritive status and insulin resistance (IR) risk in cardiometabolic subjects. METHODS:A total of 112 overweight or obese adults (age: 50.8 ± 9 years old) were included in the trial. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), which was also used to calculate the dietary TAC, GI, and GL. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), glycemic and lipid profiles, C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as fatty liver quantification by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were assessed. RESULTS:Subjects with higher values of TAC had significantly lower circulating insulin concentration and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Participants with higher values of HOMA-IR showed significantly higher GI and GL. Correlation analyses showed relevant inverse associations of GI and GL with TAC. A regression model evidenced a relationship of HOMA-IR with TAC, GI, and GL. CONCLUSION:This data reinforces the concept that dietary TAC, GI, and GL are potential markers of diet quality, which have an impact on the susceptible population with a cardiometabolic risk profile.
| S-EPMC6275010 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundCentral obesity is known to be associated with diabetes. Increasing lower extremity circumference was hypothesized in association with lower risk of diabetes.ObjectiveThis study determined which anthropometric patterns correlates the best with pre-diabetic and diabetic status among healthy adults.DesignCross-sectional study with nationwide population sampling of participants was designed.ParticipantsIn total, 1,358 ethnic Chinese adult participants were recruited from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 2013-2016; the whole-body composition was measured through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.Main outcome measuresFat and lean mass in whole and specific parts of body among heathy Asian adults with normal glycemic, pre-diabetic, and diabetic states were measured, separately.Statistical analyses performedThe generalized linear model was used to investigate the association between body composition (lean and fat mass) and hyperglycemic status. The reduced rank regression (RRR) was used to confirm the correlation between glycemic status and predicting factors (body composition parameters).ResultsTrunk fat positively correlated with the fasting glucose level (r = 0.327, P < 0.001) and HbA1c (r = 0.329, P < 0.001), whereas limb fat negatively correlated with the fasting glucose level (r = -0.325, P < 0.001) and HbA1c (ρ = -0.342, P < 0.001), respectively. In RRR analyses, fasting glucose and HbA1c exhibited a high positive association on fat amount per lean mass of the trunk (factor loading = 0.5319 and 0.5599, respectively) and of android area (0.6422 and 0.6104) and a high negative association fat amount per lean mass of the legs (-0.3863 and -0.3083) and gynoid area (-0.3414 and -0.3725).ConclusionsFor healthy community participants, increasing trunk fat had a greater risk of hyperglycemic status. Increasing lower extremity mass may confer lower risk of diabetes.
| S-EPMC7641370 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundEpidemiological studies on the relationship between dietary glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality yielded conflict results. We aimed to assess these associations in Chinese.MethodsWe conducted this study based on two prospective cohort studies in Shanghai. Dietary information was collected using validated cohort-specific food frequency questionnaires. We used Cox regression model to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) for mortality associated with GI and GL.ResultsAfter median follow-up periods of 12.8 years for 59,770 men and 18.2 years for 74,735 women, 8,711 deaths in men and 10,501 deaths in women were documented. After we controlled the potential confounders, dietary GI, GL, and carbohydrate intake were associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (P values for trend = 0.025, 0.001, and 0.001). Dietary GI was associated with lower risk of total and cause-specific mortality in men in the second quartile (Q) (all-cause mortality: HR Q2 vs. Q1 = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.84, 0.95). Dietary GL was associated with lower risk of cancer mortality but higher risk of CVD mortality in men. In women, dietary GI was associated with mortality due to all-cause (HRMax Q4 vs. Q1 = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.04, 1.06), cancer (HRMax Q4 vs. Q1 = 1.12, 95%CI: 1.02, 1.23), and CVD (HRMax Q4 vs. Q1 = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.22).ConclusionsThe present study indicates that diet with higher GI and GL was associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality in Chinese adults. The association may vary for men and women, which need further investigating in other Asian populations.
| S-EPMC9339588 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:The weight-reducing effect of exenatide has been proved, but too much weight loss in normal-weight patients may concern physicians. This study evaluated the effects of exenatide monotherapy on glycemic control and weight change in normal-weight, overweight, and obese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS:In this multicenter prospective study, 29 normal-weight, 54 overweight, and 27 obese newly diagnosed and drug-naïve patients with T2D were treated with exenatide for 48 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the effect of baseline body mass index (BMI) on glycemic control, measured as the change in HbA1c from baseline to Week 48 compared among different BMI groups. Other endpoints included comparisons of the effects of exenatide on fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), body weight, and other metabolic indices. RESULTS:After 48-week treatment, the estimated mean changes in HbA1c in normal-weight, overweight, and obese patients were -1.9%, -1.8%, and -1.5%, respectively (P?=?0.290 among groups after adjustment for baseline values). There were similar declines in FPG and 0.5- and 2-hour PPG among groups. There were non-significant trends from normal-weight to overweight to obese patients for increased weight reduction (decreases of 2.2, 3.9, and 4.0 kg, respectively; P?=?0.104) and changes in waist circumference (decreases of 2.2, 3.2, and 5.6 cm, respectively; P?=?0.078). CONCLUSIONS:Baseline BMI had no effect on glycemic control, weight change, or other metabolic indices with exenatide monotherapy. Normal-weight patients with T2D would benefit from exenatide as much as overweight or obese patients on glucose control, without increased risk of excess weight loss.
| S-EPMC6850147 | biostudies-literature