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Sufficient Protein Quality of Food Aid Varies with the Physiologic Status of Recipients.

ABSTRACT: Protein quality scores use the amino acid (AA) requirements of a healthy North American child. AA requirements vary with physiologic status. We estimated AA requirements for healthy North American children, children with environmental enteric dysfunction, children recovering from wasting, and children with an acute infection. The protein quality of food aid products was then calculated to determine whether it was sufficient in all these groups, and we found that it may not be adequate for all of them. Physiologic status is important when assessing the protein quality of food aid. Rates of weight gain from 8 published trials treating children with moderate acute malnutrition were abstracted, and protein quality scores from the corresponding food aid products were calculated with the use of the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS). Two DIAAS values were calculated, one in healthy children aged 1-3 y as a reference population and the other in malnourished children aged 1-3 y as a reference population. These data were used to calculate the best fit regression line between weight gain and protein quality. The slope of the regression line was greater when malnourished children were used as a reference population than when healthy children were used (0.128; 95% CI: 0.118, 0.138 compared with 0.097; 95% CI: 0.090, 0.105 measured in g · kg^-1 · d^-1 · DIASS U^-1). These findings suggest that adjusting AA requirements for physiologic status may more accurately estimate the minimum protein quality of food aid products.

SUBMITTER: Callaghan M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6636389 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Sufficient Protein Quality of Food Aid Varies with the Physiologic Status of Recipients.

Callaghan Meghan M Oyama Momo M Manary Mark M

The Journal of nutrition 20170118 3

Protein quality scores use the amino acid (AA) requirements of a healthy North American child. AA requirements vary with physiologic status. We estimated AA requirements for healthy North American children, children with environmental enteric dysfunction, children recovering from wasting, and children with an acute infection. The protein quality of food aid products was then calculated to determine whether it was sufficient in all these groups, and we found that it may not be adequate for all of ...[more]

PMID: 28100604

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Project description:Visual and olfactory cues provide important information to foragers, yet we know little about species differences in sensory reliance during food selection. In a series of experimental foraging studies, we examined the relative reliance on vision versus olfaction in three diurnal, primate species with diverse feeding ecologies, including folivorous Coquerel's sifakas (Propithecus coquereli), frugivorous ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata spp), and generalist ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). We used animals with known color-vision status and foods for which different maturation stages (and hence quality) produce distinct visual and olfactory cues (the latter determined chemically). We first showed that lemurs preferentially selected high-quality foods over low-quality foods when visual and olfactory cues were simultaneously available for both food types. Next, using a novel apparatus in a series of discrimination trials, we either manipulated food quality (while holding sensory cues constant) or manipulated sensory cues (while holding food quality constant). Among our study subjects that showed relatively strong preferences for high-quality foods, folivores required both sensory cues combined to reliably identify their preferred foods, whereas generalists could identify their preferred foods using either cue alone, and frugivores could identify their preferred foods using olfactory, but not visual, cues alone. Moreover, when only high-quality foods were available, folivores and generalists used visual rather than olfactory cues to select food, whereas frugivores used both cue types equally. Lastly, individuals in all three of the study species predominantly relied on sight when choosing between low-quality foods, but species differed in the strength of their sensory biases. Our results generally emphasize visual over olfactory reliance in foraging lemurs, but we suggest that the relative sensory reliance of animals may vary with their feeding ecology.

Project description:BackgroundIncreased bone resorption is driven by augmented osteoclast activity in pathological states of the bone, including osteoporosis, fracture and metastatic bone cancer. Pain is a frequent co-morbidity in bone pathologies and adequate pain management is necessary for symptomatic relief. Bone cancer is associated with severe skeletal pain and dysregulated bone remodelling, while increased osteoclast activity and bone pain are also observed in osteoporosis and during fracture repair. However, the effects of altered osteoclast activity and bone resorption on nociceptive processing of bone afferents remain unclear.MethodsThis study investigates whether physiologic osteoclasts and resulting changes in bone resorption can induce skeletal pain. We first assessed correlation between changes in bone microarchitecture (through µCT) and skeletal pain using standardized behavioural phenotyping assays in a mouse model of metastatic bone cancer. We then investigated whether increased activity of physiologic osteoclasts, and the associated bone resorption, is sufficient to induce skeletal pain using mouse models of localized and widespread bone resorption following administration of exogenous receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL).ResultsOur data demonstrates that mice with bone cancer exhibit progressive pain behaviours that correlate with increased bone resorption at the tumour site. Systemic RANKL injections enhance osteoclast activity and associated bone resorption, without producing any changes in motor function or pain behaviours at both early and late timepoints.ConclusionThese findings suggest that activation of homeostatic osteoclasts alone is not sufficient to induce skeletal pain in mice.Significance statementThe role of osteoclasts in peripheral sensitization of sensory neurones is not fully understood. This study reports on the direct link between oestrogen-independent osteoclast activation and skeletal pain. Administration of exogenous receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) increases bone resorption, but does not produce pro-nociceptive changes in behavioural pain thresholds. Our data demonstrates that physiologic osteoclasts are not essential for skeletal pain behaviours.

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Sufficient Protein Quality of Food Aid Varies with the Physiologic Status of Recipients.

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Sufficient Protein Quality of Food Aid Varies with the Physiologic Status of Recipients.

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