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Intumescent Phosphorus and Triazole-Based Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams from Castor Oil.

ABSTRACT: Synthesis of a novel phosphorus and triazole-functionalized flame-retardant (FR) monomer (PTFM) using azide-alkyne "click" reaction between triprop-2-ynyl phosphate and 2-azidoethanol that can impart intumescent FR property to polyurethane foams (PUFs) has been reported. Polyurethane triazole foams (PUTFs) were prepared using the as-synthesized PTFM and a hydroxylated castor polyol with a hydroxyl value of ∼310 mg KOH/g for application as reactive FR rigid foams. PTFM and the castor polyol were characterized for structural elucidation using Fourier transform infrared and ¹H, ¹³C, and ³¹P NMR. PUTFs with a varying loading content of PTFM were subjected to the lab-scale flame test, cone calorimetry test, Underwriters Laboratory 94 Vertical burning test (UL 94V), and limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. A significant increase in the char yields, reduction in heat release rates, V-1 rating, and 27% of LOI were observed for PUTFs compared to PUFs and proportional to the percentage loading of PTFM. The cumulative effect of nitrogen and phosphorus in PUTFs on their intumescent behavior was evident from the thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy micrographs, which were further supplemented by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies, indicating expulsion of N₂ and overall improvement in compression strength as well. Such environment-friendly reactive FRs can be good replacements to the halogenated ones.

SUBMITTER: Sykam K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6647972 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The usage of flame retardants in flammable polymers has been an effective way to protect both lives and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus flame retardants have the potential to be follow-on flame retardants after halogenated variants, because of their low toxicity, high efficiency and compatibility. Recently, the emerging allotrope of phosphorus, two-dimensional black phosphorus, as a flame retardant has been developed. To further understand its performance in flame-retardant efficiency among phosphorus flame retardants, in this work, we built model materials to compare the flame-retardant performances of few-layer black phosphorus, red phosphorus nanoparticles, and triphenyl phosphate as flame-retardant additives in cellulose and polyacrylonitrile. Aside from the superior flame retardancy in polyacrylonitrile, few-layer black phosphorus in cellulose showed the superior flame-retardant efficiency in self-extinguishing, ~1.8 and ~4.4 times that of red phosphorus nanoparticles and triphenyl phosphate with similar lateral size and mass load (2.5~4.8 wt%), respectively. The char layer in cellulose coated with the few-layer black phosphorus after combustion was more continuous and smoother than that with red phosphorus nanoparticles, triphenyl phosphate and blank, and the amount of residues of cellulose coated with the few-layer black phosphorus in thermogravimetric analysis were 10 wt%, 14 wt% and 14 wt% more than that with red phosphorus nanoparticles, triphenyl phosphate and blank, respectively. In addition, although exothermic reactions, the combustion enthalpy changes in the few-layer black phosphorus (-127.1 kJ mol-1) are one third of that of red phosphorus nanoparticles (-381.3 kJ mol-1). Based on a joint thermodynamic, spectroscopic, and microscopic analysis, the superior flame retardancy of the few-layer black phosphorus was attributed to superior combustion reaction suppression from the two-dimensional structure and thermal nature of the few-layer black phosphorus.

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Intumescent Phosphorus and Triazole-Based Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams from Castor Oil.

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