Dataset Information

Experimental Insight into the Structural and Functional Roles of the 'Black' and 'Gray' Clusters in Recoverin, a Calcium Binding Protein with Four EF-Hand Motifs.

ABSTRACT: Recently, we have found that calcium binding proteins of the EF-hand superfamily (i.e., a large family of proteins containing helix-loop-helix calcium binding motif or EF-hand) contain two types of conserved clusters called cluster I ('black' cluster) and cluster II ('grey' cluster), which provide a supporting scaffold for the Ca2+ binding loops and contribute to the hydrophobic core of the EF-hand domains. Cluster I is more conservative and mostly incorporates aromatic amino acids, whereas cluster II includes a mix of aromatic, hydrophobic, and polar amino acids of different sizes. Recoverin is EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein containing two 'black' clusters comprised of F35, F83, Y86 (N-terminal domain) and F106, E169, F172 (C-terminal domain) as well as two 'gray' clusters comprised of F70, Q46, F49 (N-terminal domain) and W156, K119, V122 (C-terminal domain). To understand a role of these residues in structure and function of human recoverin, we sequentially substituted them for alanine and studied the resulting mutants by a set of biophysical methods. Under metal-free conditions, the 'black' clusters mutants (except for F35A and E169A) were characterized by an increase in the ?-helical content, whereas the 'gray' cluster mutants (except for K119A) exhibited the opposite behavior. By contrast, in Ca2+-loaded mutants the ?-helical content was always elevated. In the absence of calcium, the substitutions only slightly affected multimerization of recoverin regardless of their localization (except for K119A). Meanwhile, in the presence of calcium mutations in N-terminal domain of the protein significantly suppressed this process, indicating that surface properties of Ca2+-bound recoverin are highly affected by N-terminal cluster residues. The substitutions in C-terminal clusters generally reduced thermal stability of recoverin with F172A ('black' cluster) as well as W156A and K119A ('gray' cluster) being the most efficacious in this respect. In contrast, the mutations in the N-terminal clusters caused less pronounced differently directed changes in thermal stability of the protein. The substitutions of F172, W156, and K119 in C-terminal domain of recoverin together with substitution of Q46 in its N-terminal domain provoked significant but diverse changes in free energy associated with Ca2+ binding to the protein: the mutant K119A demonstrated significantly improved calcium binding, whereas F172A and W156A showed decrease in the calcium affinity and Q46A exhibited no ion coordination in one of the Ca2+-binding sites. The most of the N-terminal clusters mutations suppressed membrane binding of recoverin and its inhibitory activity towards rhodopsin kinase (GRK1). Surprisingly, the mutant W156A aberrantly activated rhodopsin phosphorylation regardless of the presence of calcium. Taken together, these data confirm the scaffolding function of several cluster-forming residues and point to their critical role in supporting physiological activity of recoverin.

SUBMITTER: Permyakov SE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6650976 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Experimental Insight into the Structural and Functional Roles of the 'Black' and 'Gray' Clusters in Recoverin, a Calcium Binding Protein with Four EF-Hand Motifs.

Permyakov Sergey E SE Vologzhannikova Alisa S AS Nemashkalova Ekaterina L EL Kazakov Alexei S AS Denesyuk Alexander I AI Denessiouk Konstantin K Baksheeva Viktoriia E VE Zamyatnin Andrey A AA Zernii Evgeni Yu EY Uversky Vladimir N VN Permyakov Eugene A EA

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 20190708 13

Recently, we have found that calcium binding proteins of the EF-hand superfamily (i.e., a large family of proteins containing helix-loop-helix calcium binding motif or EF-hand) contain two types of conserved clusters called cluster I ('black' cluster) and cluster II ('grey' cluster), which provide a supporting scaffold for the Ca<sup>2+</sup> binding loops and contribute to the hydrophobic core of the EF-hand domains. Cluster I is more conservative and mostly incorporates aromatic amino acids, w ...[more]

PMID: 31288444

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Project description:The EF hand, a helix-loop-helix structure, is one of the most common motifs found in animal genomes, and EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding proteins (EFCaBPs) are widely distributed throughout the cell. However, researchers remain confounded by a lack of understanding of how peptide sequences code for specific functions and by uncertainty about the molecular mechanisms that enable EFCaBPs to distinguish among many diverse cellular targets. Such knowledge could define the roles of EFCaBPs in health and disease and ultimately enable control or even design of Ca(2+)-dependent functions in medicine and biotechnology. In this Account, we describe our structural and biochemical research designed to understand the sequence-to-function relationship in EFCaBPs. The first structural goal was to define conformational changes induced by binding Ca(2+), and our group and others established that solution NMR spectroscopy is well suited for this task. We pinpointed residues critical to the differences in Ca(2+) response of calbindin D(9k) and calmodulin (CaM), homologous EFCaBPs from different functional classes, by using direct structure determination with site-directed mutagenesis and protein engineering. Structure combined with biochemistry provided the foundation for identifying the fundamental mechanism of cooperativity in the binding of Ca(2+) ions: this cooperativity provides EFCaBPs with the ability to detect the relatively small changes in concentration that constitute Ca(2+) signals. Using calbindin D(9k) as a model system, studies of the structure and fast time scale dynamics of each of the four ion binding states in a typical EF-hand domain provided direct evidence that site-site communication lowers the free energy cost of reorganization for binding the second ion. Our work has also extended models of how EFCaBPs interact with their cellular targets. We determined the unique dimeric architecture of S100 proteins, a specialized subfamily of EFCaBPs found exclusively in vertebrates. We described the implications for how these proteins transduce signals and went on to characterize interactions with peptide fragments of important cellular targets. Studies of the CaM homolog centrin revealed novel characteristics of its binding of Ca(2+) and its interaction with its cellular target Kar1. These results provided clear examples of how subtle differences in sequence fine-tune EFCaBPs to interact with their specific targets. The structural approach stands at a critical crossroad, shifting in emphasis from descriptive structural biochemistry to integrated biology and medicine. We present our dual-molecular-switch model for Ca(2+) regulation of gating functions of voltage-gated sodium channels in which both CaM and an intrinsic EF-hand domain serve as coupled Ca(2+) sensors. A second example involves novel EFCaBP extracellular function, that is, the role of S100A8/S100A9 heterodimer in the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens. A mechanism for the antimicrobial activity of S100A8/S100A9 was discovered. We describe interactions of S100A8/S100A9 and S100B with the cell surface receptor for advanced glycation end products. Biochemical and structural studies are now uncovering the mechanisms by which EFCaBPs work and are helping to define their biological activities, while simultaneously expanding knowledge of the roles of these proteins in normal cellular physiology and the pathology of disease.

Project description:BACKGROUND:EF-hand proteins can be activated by the binding of various heavy metals other than calcium, and such complexes can disturb the calcium-signaling pathway and cause toxicity and disease causing state. So far, no comprehensive study has been done to understand different heavy metals binding to calcium signaling proteins. RESULTS:In this work, the flexibility of the EF-hand motifs are examined by crystallographic and thermodynamic studies of binding of Pb2+, Ba2+ and Sr2+ to Calcium Binding Protein-1 from Entamoeba histolytica (EhCaBP1). The structures of the EhCaBP1- heavy metal complexes are found to be overall similar, nevertheless specific differences in metal coordination, and small differences in the coordination distances between the metal and the ligands in the metal binding loop. The largest such distances occur for the Ba2+- EhCaBP1 complex, where two bariums are bound with partial occupancy at the EF2 motif. Thermodynamic studies confirm that EhCaBP1 has five binding sites for Ba2+ compared to four binding sites for the other metals. These structures and thermodynamic studies reveal that the EF-hand motifs can accommodate several heavy atoms with similar binding affinities. The binding of Ca2+ to the 1st, 2nd and 4th sites and the binding of Ba2+ to the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th sites are both enthalpically and entropically driven, whereas the binding of Sr2+ to the 1st, 2nd and 4th sites are simply enthalpy driven, interestingly in agreement with ITC data, Sr2+ do not coordinate with water in this structure. For all the metals, binding to the 3rd site is only entropy driven. CONCLUSION:Energetically, Ca2+ is preferred in three sites, while in one site Ba2+ has better binding energy. The Sr2+-coordination in the EF hand motifs is similar to that of the native Ca2+ bound structure, except for the lack of water coordination. Sr2+ coordination seems to be a pre-formed in nature since all seven coordinating atoms are from the protein itself, which also correlates with entropy contributions in Sr2+ binding. These findings improve our understanding of metal association with calcium binding proteins and of metal induced conformational changes.

Dataset Information

Experimental Insight into the Structural and Functional Roles of the 'Black' and 'Gray' Clusters in Recoverin, a Calcium Binding Protein with Four EF-Hand Motifs.

Publications

Experimental Insight into the Structural and Functional Roles of the 'Black' and 'Gray' Clusters in Recoverin, a Calcium Binding Protein with Four EF-Hand Motifs.

Similar Datasets

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