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Sympatric speciation in the Simulium arcticum s. l. complex (Diptera: Simuliidae): The Rothfels model updated.

ABSTRACT: Abstract:We tested the Rothfels sympatric speciation model for black flies by comparing all available data for sex-chromosome diversity with the geographic locations of larval collection sites within the Simulium arcticum complex of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Five separate data sets equaling about 20,000 larvae were included from throughout the geographic range of this complex. We record a total of 31 taxa having unique sex chromosomes, all of which demonstrate linkage disequilibrium with most taxa sharing autosomal polymorphisms. All siblings share portions of their distributions with S. negativum, the presumed oldest member of the complex. Twenty-one of 22 cytotypes have distributions within the ranges of siblings thus supporting the sympatric speciation model of Rothfels. Chromosomally diverse sites may require analysis of as many as 200 larvae to be properly described. There is no effect of any inversions influencing the occurrence of other inversions. Finally, we report a new cytotype, Simulium arcticum IIL-6, which we originally discovered in Alaska. Aspects of future genomic research are discussed as they relate to the main chromosomal structural/functional tenants of the model. OPEN RESEARCH BADGE:This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7719398.

SUBMITTER: Shields GF

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6662398 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Sympatric speciation in the <i>Simulium arcticum</i> s. l. complex (Diptera: Simuliidae): The Rothfels model updated.

Shields Gerald F GF Procunier William S WS

Ecology and evolution 20190701 14

<h4>Abstract</h4>We tested the Rothfels sympatric speciation model for black flies by comparing all available data for sex-chromosome diversity with the geographic locations of larval collection sites within the <i>Simulium arcticum</i> complex of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Five separate data sets equaling about 20,000 larvae were included from throughout the geographic range of this complex. We record a total of 31 taxa having unique sex chromosomes, all of which demonstrate linkage dis ...[more]

PMID: 31380088

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Project description:BackgroundSimulium damnosum s.l., the most important vector of onchocerciasis in Africa, is a complex of sibling species that have been described on the basis of differences in their larval polytene chromosomes. These (cyto) species differ in their geographical distributions, ecologies and epidemiological roles. In Ghana, distributional changes have been recorded as a consequence of vector control and environmental change (e.g. deforestation), with potential disease consequences. We review the distribution of cytospecies in southern Ghana and report changes observed with reference to historical data collated from 1971 to 2005 and new identifications made between 2006 and 2011.Methods/resultsLarvae were collected from riverine breeding sites, fixed in Carnoy's solution and chromosome preparations made. Cytotaxonomic identifications from 1,232 samples (including 49 new samples) were analysed. We report long-term stability in cytospecies distribution in the rivers Afram, Akrum, Pawnpawn and Pru. For the rivers Oda, Ofin and Tano we describe (for the first time) patterns of distribution. We could not detect cytospecies composition changes in the upper Pra, and the lower Pra seems to have been stable. The elimination of the Djodji form of S. sanctipauli in the Volta Region seems to have had no long-term effects on the distribution of the other cytospecies, despite an initial surge by S. yahense. There has been a recent increase in the occurrence of savannah cytospecies in the river Asukawkaw, and this might be related to continuing deforestation.ConclusionsCytospecies' distributions have not been stable from 1971 to 2011. Although there are no obvious causes for the temporary appearance and subsequent disappearance of cytospecies in a particular location, a major influence has been vector control and migration patterns, probably explaining observed changes on the Black Volta and lower Volta rivers. Deforestation was previously implicated in an increase of savannah cytospecies in southern Ghana (1975-1997). Our data had little power to support (or refute) suggestions of a continuing increase, except in the Asukawkaw river basin.

Dataset Information

Sympatric speciation in the Simulium arcticum s. l. complex (Diptera: Simuliidae): The Rothfels model updated.

Publications

Sympatric speciation in the <i>Simulium arcticum</i> s. l. complex (Diptera: Simuliidae): The Rothfels model updated.

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