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Low molecular weight alkaline thermostable ?-amylase from Geobacillus sp. nov.

ABSTRACT: Industrial demands for enzymes that are stable in a broad range of conditions are increasing. Such enzymes, one of which is ?-amylase, could be produced by extremophiles. This study reports a thermostable ?-amylase produced by a newly isolated Geobacillus sp. nov. from a geothermal area. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the isolate formed a separate branch with 95% homology to Geobacillus sp. After precipitation using ammonium sulphate followed by ion-exchange chromatography, the enzyme produced a specific activity of 25.1 (U/mg) with a purity of 6.5-fold of the crude extract. The molecular weight of the enzyme was approximately 12.2 kDa. The optimum activity was observed at 75 °C and pH 8. The activity increased in the presence of Ba2+ and Fe2+ but decreased in the presence of K+ and Mg2+. Ca2+ and Mn2+ increased the activity slightly. The activity completely diminished with the addition of Cu2+. EDTA and PMSF also sharply reduced enzyme activity. Although the stability was moderate, the low molecular weight could be an important feature for its future applications.

SUBMITTER: Febriani

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6667821 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Low molecular weight alkaline thermostable α-amylase from Geobacillus sp. nov.

Febriani Rayyana Ulya Mildatul M Oesman Frida F Akhmaloka Iqbalsyah Teuku M TM

Heliyon 20190729 7

Industrial demands for enzymes that are stable in a broad range of conditions are increasing. Such enzymes, one of which is α-amylase, could be produced by extremophiles. This study reports a thermostable α-amylase produced by a newly isolated Geobacillus sp. nov. from a geothermal area. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the isolate formed a separate branch with 95% homology to Geobacillus sp. After precipitation using ammonium sulphate followed by ion-exch ...[more]

PMID: 31388592

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Project description:BACKGROUND: Complete enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan to xylose requires the action of endoxylanase and ?-xylosidase. ?-xylosidases play an important part in hydrolyzing xylo-oligosaccharides to xylose. Thermostable ?-xylosidases have been a focus of attention as industrially important enzymes due to their long shelf life and role in the relief of end-product inhibition of xylanases caused by xylo-oligosaccharides. Therefore, a highly thermostable ?-xylosidase with high specific activity has significant potential in lignocellulose bioconversion. RESULTS: A gene encoding a highly thermostable GH39 ?-xylosidase was cloned from Geobacillus sp. strain WSUCF1 and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant ?-xylosidase was active over a wide range of temperatures and pH with optimum temperature of 70 °C and pH 6.5. It exhibited very high thermostability, retaining 50% activity at 70 °C after 9 days. WSUCF1 ?-xylosidase is more thermostable than ?-xylosidases reported from other thermophiles (growth temperature ? 70 °C). Specific activity was 133 U/mg when incubated with p-nitrophenyl xylopyranoside, with Km and Vmax values of 2.38 mM and 147 U/mg, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the recombinant enzyme had a mass of 58 kDa, but omitting heating prior to electrophoresis increased the apparent mass to 230 kDa, suggesting the enzyme exists as a tetramer. Enzyme exhibited high tolerance to xylose, retained approximately 70% of relative activity at 210 mM xylose concentration. Thin layer chromatography showed that the enzyme had potential to convert xylo-oligomers (xylobiose, triose, tetraose, and pentaose) into fermentable xylose. WSUCF1 ?-xylosidase along with WSUCF1 endo-xylanase synergistically converted the xylan into fermentable xylose with more than 90% conversion. CONCLUSIONS: Properties of the WSUCF1 ?-xylosidase i.e. high tolerance to elevated temperatures, high specific activity, conversion of xylo-oligomers to xylose, and resistance to inhibition from xylose, make this enzyme potentially suitable for various biotechnological applications.

Project description:BackgroundMaltogenic amylases belong to a subclass of cyclodextrin-hydrolyzing enzymes and hydrolyze cyclodextrins more efficiently than starch unlike typical ?-amylases. Several bacterial malto-genic amylases with temperature optima of 40-60°C have been previously characterized. The thermo-adaption, substrate preferences and transglycosylation aspects of extremely thermostable bacterial maltogenic amylases have not yet been reported.Methodology/principal findingsThe recombinant monomeric and dimeric forms of maltogenic ?-amylase (Gt-Mamy) of the extremely thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus thermoleovorans are of 72.5 and 145 kDa, which are active optimally at 80°C. Extreme thermostability of this enzyme has been explained by analyzing far-UV CD spectra. Dimerization increases T1/2 of Gt-Mamy from 8.2 h to 12.63 h at 90°C and mediates its enthalpy-driven conformational thermostabilization. Furthermore, dime-rization regulates preferential substrate binding of the enzyme. The substrate preference switching of Gt-Mamy upon dimerization has been confirmed from the substrate-binding affinities of the enzyme for various high and low molecular weight substrates. There is an alteration in Km and substrate hydrolysis efficiency (Vmax/Km) of the enzyme (for cyclodex-trins/starch) upon dimerization. N-terminal truncation indicated the role of N-terminal 128 amino acids in the thermostabilization and modulation of substrate-binding affinity. This has been confirmed by molecular docking of ?-cyclodextrin to Gt-Mamy that indicated the requirement of homodimer formation by the interaction of a few N-terminal residues of chain A with the catalytic residues of (?/?)8 barrel of chain B and vice-versa for stable cyclodextrin binding. Site directed mutagenesis provided evidence for the role of N-terminal D109 at the dimeric interface in substrate affinity modulation and thermostabilization. The dimeric Gt-Mamy transglycosylates hydrolytic products of G4/G5 and acarbose, while the truncated form does not because of the lack of extra sugar-binding space formed due to dimerization.Conclusion/significanceN-terminal domain controls enthalpy-driven thermostabilization, substrate-binding affinity and transglycosylation activity of Gt-Mamy by homodimer formation.

Project description:Two groups of alkaliphilic haloarchaea from hypersaline alkaline lakes in Central Asia, Egypt and North America were enriched and isolated in pure culture using chitin as growth substrate. These cultures, termed AArcht, were divided into two groups: group 1 which includes eleven isolates from highly alkaline soda lakes and group 2 which contains a single isolate obtained from the alkaline hypersaline Searles Lake. The colonies of chitin-utilizing natronoarchaea were red-pigmented and surrounded by large zones of chitin hydrolysis. The free cells of both groups were mostly flat nonmotile rods, while the cells that attached to chitin or formed colonies on chitin plates were mostly coccoid. The isolates are obligate aerobic saccharolytic archaea utilizing chitin and chitosane (less actively) as the only sugar polymers as well as a few hexoses as their carbon and energy source. Both groups are extremely halophilic, growing optimally at 3.5-4M total Na+, but they differ in their pH profiles: the main group 1 isolates are obligately alkaliphilic, while the single group 2 strain (AArcht-SlT) is alkalitolerant. The core archaeal lipids in both groups are dominated by C20-C20 and C20-C25 dialkyl glycerol ethers (DGE) in approximately equal proportion. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates form an independent genus-level lineage within the family Natrialbaceae with 3 species-level subgroups. The available genomes of the closest cultured relatives of the AArcht strains, belonging to the genera Natrialba and Halopiger, do not encode any chitinase-related genes. On the basis of their unique phenotypic properties and distinct phylogeny, we suggest that the obligate alkaliphilic AArcht isolates (group 1) with an identical phenotype are classified into a new genus and species Natrarchaeobius chitinivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., with strain AArcht4T as the type strain (JCM 32476T=UNIQEM U966T), while the facultatively alkaliphilic strain AArcht-SlT (group 2) - as a new species Natrarchaeobius halalkaliphilus sp. nov. (JCM 32477T=UNIQEM U969T).

Project description:BackgroundWheat grains accumulate a variety of low molecular weight proteins that are inhibitors of alpha-amylases and proteases and play an important protective role in the grain. These proteins have more balanced amino acid compositions than the major wheat gluten proteins and contribute important reserves for both seedling growth and human nutrition. The alpha-amylase/protease inhibitors also are of interest because they cause IgE-mediated occupational and food allergies and thereby impact human health.ResultsThe complement of genes encoding alpha-amylase/protease inhibitors expressed in the US bread wheat Butte 86 was characterized by analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Coding sequences for 19 distinct proteins were identified. These included two monomeric (WMAI), four dimeric (WDAI), and six tetrameric (WTAI) inhibitors of exogenous alpha-amylases, two inhibitors of endogenous alpha-amylases (WASI), four putative trypsin inhibitors (CMx and WTI), and one putative chymotrypsin inhibitor (WCI). A number of the encoded proteins were identical or very similar to proteins in the NCBI database. Sequences not reported previously included variants of WTAI-CM3, three CMx inhibitors and WTI. Within the WDAI group, two different genes encoded the same mature protein. Based on numbers of ESTs, transcripts for WTAI-CM3 Bu-1, WMAI Bu-1 and WTAI-CM16 Bu-1 were most abundant in Butte 86 developing grain. Coding sequences for 16 of the inhibitors were unequivocally associated with specific proteins identified by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in a previous proteomic analysis of milled white flour from Butte 86. Proteins corresponding to WDAI Bu-1/Bu-2, WMAI Bu-1 and the WTAI subunits CM2 Bu-1, CM3 Bu-1 and CM16 Bu-1 were accumulated to the highest levels in flour.ConclusionsInformation on the spectrum of alpha-amylase/protease inhibitor genes and proteins expressed in a single wheat cultivar is central to understanding the importance of these proteins in both plant defense mechanisms and human allergies and facilitates both breeding and biotechnology approaches for manipulating the composition of these proteins in plants.

Dataset Information

Low molecular weight alkaline thermostable ?-amylase from Geobacillus sp. nov.

Publications

Low molecular weight alkaline thermostable α-amylase from <i>Geobacillus</i> sp. nov.

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