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Follicular regulatory T cells inhibit the development of granzyme B-expressing follicular helper T cells.

ABSTRACT: T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells are found in the germinal center (GC) response and help shape the antibody (Ab) response. However, the precise role of TFR cells in the GC is controversial. Here, we addressed TFR cell function using mice with impaired TFR cell development (Bcl6-flox/Foxp3-cre, or Bcl6FC mice), mice with augmented TFR cell development (Blimp1-flox/Foxp3-cre, or Blimp1FC mice), and two different methods of immunization. Unexpectedly, GC B cell levels positively correlated with TFR cell levels. Using a gene profiling approach, we found that TFH cells from TFR-deficient mice showed strong upregulation of granzyme B (Gzmb) and other effector CD8+ T cell genes, many of which were Stat4 dependent. The upregulation of cytotoxic genes was the highest in TFH cells from TFR-deficient mice where Blimp1 was also deleted in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Bcl6-flox/Prdm1-flox/Foxp3-cre [DKO] mice). Granzyme B- and Eomesodermin-expressing TFH cells correlated with a higher rate of apoptotic GC B cells. Klrg1+ TFH cells from DKO mice expressed higher levels of Gzmb. Our data show that TFR cells repress the development of abnormal cytotoxic TFH cells, and the presence of cytotoxic TFH cells correlates with a lower GC and Ab response. Our data show what we believe is a novel mechanism of action for TFR cells helping the GC response.

SUBMITTER: Xie MM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6777838 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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T follicular helper and T follicular regulatory cells have different TCR specificity.

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Circulating T follicular regulatory and helper cells have memory-like properties.

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T follicular helper cells and regulatory B cells dynamics in systemic lupus erythematosus.

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Follicular regulatory T cells repress cytokine production by follicular helper T cells and optimize IgG responses in mice.

Project description:Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells provide crucial help to germinal center B (GCB) cells for proper antibody production, and a specialized subset of regulatory T cells, follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells, modulate this process. However, Tfr-cell function in the GC is not well understood. Here, we define Tfr cells as a CD4(+) Foxp3(+) CXCR5(hi) PD-1(hi) CD25(low) TIGIT(high) T-cell population. Furthermore, we have used a novel mouse model ("Bcl6FC") to delete the Bcl6 gene in Foxp3(+) T cells and thus specifically deplete Tfr cells. Following immunization, Bcl6FC mice develop normal Tfh- and GCB-cell populations. However, Bcl6FC mice produce altered antigen-specific antibody responses, with reduced titers of IgG and significantly increased IgA. Bcl6FC mice also developed IgG antibodies with significantly decreased avidity to antigen in an HIV-1 gp120 "prime-boost" vaccine model. In an autoimmune lupus model, we observed strongly elevated anti-DNA IgA titers in Bcl6FC mice. Additionally, Tfh cells from Bcl6FC mice consistently produce higher levels of Interferon-?, IL-10 and IL-21. Loss of Tfr cells therefore leads to highly abnormal Tfh-cell and GCB-cell responses. Overall, our study has uncovered unique regulatory roles for Tfr cells in the GC response.

| S-EPMC4896226 | biostudies-literature

Follicular regulatory helper T cells control the response of regulatory B cells to a high-cholesterol diet.

Project description:AimsB cell functions in the process of atherogenesis have been investigated but several aspects remain to be clarified.Methods and resultsIn this study, we show that follicular regulatory helper T cells (TFR) control regulatory B cell (BREG) populations in Apoe-/- mice models on a high-cholesterol diet (HCD). Feeding mice with HCD resulted in up-regulation of TFR and BREG cell populations, causing the suppression of proatherogenic follicular helper T cell (TFH) response. TFH cell modulation is correlated with the growth of atherosclerotic plaque size in thoracoabdominal aortas and aortic root plaques, suggesting that TFR cells are atheroprotective. During adoptive transfer experiments, TFR cells transferred into HCD mice decreased TFH cell populations, atherosclerotic plaque size, while BREG cell population and lymphangiogenesis are significantly increased.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that, through different strategies, both TFR and TFH cells modulate anti- and pro-atherosclerotic immune processes in an Apoe-/- mice model since TFR cells are able to regulate both TFH and BREG cell populations as well as lymphangiogenesis and lipoprotein metabolism.

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Follicular Regulatory T Cells Regulate the Development of Cytotoxic-like Follicular Helper T Cells

Project description:T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells are found in the germinal center (GC) response and help shape the antibody (Ab) response. Whether TFR cells have a suppressive role, a helper role or both types of roles in the GC is unclear. Here, we addressed TFR cell function using 3 different strains of TFR cell mutant mice. After immunization, GC B cells but not T follicular helper (TFH) cell positively correlated with TFR cell levels. Using a gene profiling approach, we found that TFH cells from TFR-deficient mice showed strong up-regulation of granzyme B (Gzmb) and other effector CD8 T cell genes, many of which were Stat4 dependent. This aberrant cytotoxic T cell gene profile was increased in TFR-deficient mice crossed on a pro-inflammatory background. We detected Gzmb+ and Eomesodermin+ TFH cells and a higher rate of apoptotic GC B cells in the absence of TFR cells. Klrg1+ TFH cells expressed higher Gzmb and less IL-4 and IL-21. Our data show that TFR cells repress the development of abnormal cytotoxic TFH cells that correlate with a lower GC and Ab response. This data shows a novel mode of helper function for TFR cells in the GC response.

2019-06-29 | GSE133533 | GEO

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