Dataset Information

Canine and Phocine Distemper Viruses: Global Spread and Genetic Basis of Jumping Species Barriers.

ABSTRACT: Canine distemper virus (CDV) and phocine distemper (PDV) are closely-related members of the Paramyxoviridae family, genus morbillivirus, in the order Mononegavirales. CDV has a broad host range among carnivores. PDV is thought to be derived from CDV through contact between terrestrial carnivores and seals. PDV has caused extensive mortality in Atlantic seals and other marine mammals, and more recently has spread to the North Pacific Ocean. CDV also infects marine carnivores, and there is evidence of morbillivirus infection of seals and other species in Antarctica. Recently, CDV has spread to felines and other wildlife species in the Serengeti and South Africa. Some CDV vaccines may also have caused wildlife disease. Changes in the virus haemagglutinin (H) protein, particularly the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptor binding site, correlate with adaptation to non-canine hosts. Differences in the phosphoprotein (P) gene sequences between disease and non-disease causing CDV strains may relate to pathogenicity in domestic dogs and wildlife. Of most concern are reports of CDV infection and disease in non-human primates raising the possibility of zoonosis. In this article we review the global occurrence of CDV and PDV, and present both historical and genetic information relating to these viruses crossing species barriers.

SUBMITTER: Kennedy JM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6833027 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Canine and Phocine Distemper Viruses: Global Spread and Genetic Basis of Jumping Species Barriers.

Kennedy Judith M JM Earle J A Philip JAP Omar Shadia S Abdullah Hani'ah H Nielsen Ole O Roelke-Parker Melody E ME Cosby S Louise SL

Viruses 20191014 10

Canine distemper virus (CDV) and phocine distemper (PDV) are closely-related members of the Paramyxoviridae family, genus morbillivirus, in the order Mononegavirales. CDV has a broad host range among carnivores. PDV is thought to be derived from CDV through contact between terrestrial carnivores and seals. PDV has caused extensive mortality in Atlantic seals and other marine mammals, and more recently has spread to the North Pacific Ocean. CDV also infects marine carnivores, ...[more]

PMID: 31615092

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Project description:Upon infection, morbilliviruses such as measles virus, rinderpest virus, and canine distemper virus (CDV) initially target immune cells via the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) before spreading to respiratory epithelia through the adherens junction protein nectin-4. However, the roles of these receptors in transmission from infected to naive hosts have not yet been formally tested. To experimentally addressing this question, we established a model of CDV contact transmission between ferrets. We show here that transmission of wild-type CDV sometimes precedes the onset of clinical disease. In contrast, transmission was not observed in most animals infected with SLAM- or nectin-4-blind CDVs, even though all animals infected with the nectin-4-blind virus developed sustained viremia. There was an unexpected case of transmission of a nectin-4-blind virus, possibly due to biting. Another unprecedented event was transient viremia in an infection with a SLAM-blind virus. We identified three compensatory mutations within or near the SLAM-binding surface of the attachment protein. A recombinant CDV expressing the mutated attachment protein regained the ability to infect ferret lymphocytes in vitro, but its replication was not as efficient as that of wild-type CDV. Ferrets infected with this virus developed transient viremia and fever, but there was no transmission to naive contacts. Our study supports the importance of epithelial cell infection and of sequential CDV H protein interactions first with SLAM and then nectin-4 receptors for transmission to naive hosts. It also highlights the in vivo selection pressure on the H protein interactions with SLAM.IMPORTANCE Morbilliviruses such as measles virus, rinderpest virus, and canine distemper virus (CDV) are highly contagious. Despite extensive knowledge of how morbilliviruses interact with their receptors, little is known about how those interactions influence viral transmission to naive hosts. In a ferret model of CDV contact transmission, we showed that sequential use of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) and nectin-4 receptors is essential for transmission. In one animal infected with a SLAM-blind CDV, we documented mild viremia due to the acquisition of three compensatory mutations within or near the SLAM-binding surface. The interaction, however, was not sufficient to cause disease or sustain transmission to naive contacts. This work confirms the sequential roles of SLAM and nectin-4 in morbillivirus transmission and highlights the selective pressure directed toward productive interactions with SLAM.

Dataset Information

Canine and Phocine Distemper Viruses: Global Spread and Genetic Basis of Jumping Species Barriers.

Publications

Canine and Phocine Distemper Viruses: Global Spread and Genetic Basis of Jumping Species Barriers.

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