Dataset Information

Effects of a chattering teeth training oral appliance for working memory improvement in healthy volunteers: a cross-over randomized trial.

ABSTRACT: Background:Memory is an important part of the mental activity. Chattering teeth training practiced in Korean Medicine (known as gochi in Korean), which is a practice of making a sound by touching the upper and the lower teeth, has been accepted as a modality for the dental health. The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of a specially designed intraoral appliance, the No-Sick Exerciser, on working memory improvement in healthy participants. Methods:Thirty healthy participants aged between 16 and 30 years will be recruited and randomized into sequence A and B of 15 each, as in a cross-over design (sequence A: chattering teeth training oral appliance)-chewing the gum; sequence B: chewing the gum-chattering teeth training oral appliance with a washout period of one week. The primary outcome will be assessed by the digit span test and secondary outcomes by the symbol digit modality test and the word list recall, which will be conducted before and after each intervention, four times on each participant. Discussion:This protocol proposes the rationale and method for the use of an intraoral appliance for working memory improvement. If the oral appliance demonstrates better feasibility for working memory improvement compared with chewing gum, a large scale study will be needed to investigate the effectiveness of the device on populations who require memory improvement.

SUBMITTER: Kim H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6872829 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effects of a chattering teeth training oral appliance for working memory improvement in healthy volunteers: a cross-over randomized trial.

Kim Hyungsuk H Bae Jun-Hyeong JH Chung Won-Seok WS

Integrative medicine research 20191014 4

<h4>Background</h4>Memory is an important part of the mental activity. Chattering teeth training practiced in Korean Medicine (known as <i>gochi</i> in Korean), which is a practice of making a sound by touching the upper and the lower teeth, has been accepted as a modality for the dental health. The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of a specially designed intraoral appliance, the No-Sick Exerciser, on working memory improvement in healthy participants.<h4>Methods</h4>Thirty healthy ...[more]

PMID: 31768310

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Project description:Working memory performance can be influenced by motivational factors, which may be associated with specific brain activities, including suppression of alpha oscillations. We investigated whether providing individuals online feedback about their ongoing oscillations (EEG-neurofeedback) can improve working memory under high and low reward expectancies. We combined working memory training with neurofeedback to enhance alpha suppression in a monetary-rewarded delayed match-to-sample task for visual objects. Along with alpha, we considered the neighbouring theta and beta bands. In a double-blind experiment, individuals were trained over 5 days to suppress alpha power by receiving real-time neurofeedback or control neurofeedback (placebo) in reward and no-reward trials. We investigated (i) whether neurofeedback enhances alpha suppression, (ii) whether monetary reward enhances alpha suppression and working memory, and (iii) whether any performance benefits of neurofeedback-training would transfer to unrelated cognitive tasks. With the same experimental design, we conducted two studies with differing instructions given at the maintenance, yielding together 300 EEG recording sessions. In Study I, participants were engaged in a mental calculation task during maintenance. In Study II, they were instructed to visually rehearse the sample image. Results from Study I demonstrated a significant training and reward-anticipation effect on working memory accuracy and reaction times over 5 days. Neurofeedback and reward anticipation showed effects on theta suppression but not on alpha suppression. Moreover, a cognitive training effect was observed on beta suppression. Thus, neurofeedback-training of alpha was unrelated to working memory performance. Study II replicated the training and reward-anticipation effect on working memory but without any effects of neurofeedback-training on oscillations or working memory. Neither study showed transfer effects of either working memory or neurofeedback-training. A linear mixed-effect model analysis of neurofeedback-independent training-related improvement of working memory combining both studies showed that improved working memory performance was related to oscillatory changes over training days in the encoding and maintenance phases. Improvements in accuracy were related to increasing beta amplitude in reward trials over right parietal electrodes. Improvements in reaction times were related to increases in right parietal theta amplitude during encoding and increased right parietal and decreased left parietal beta amplitudes during maintenance. Thus, while our study provided no evidence that neurofeedback targeting alpha improved the efficacy of working memory training or evidence for transfer, it showed a relationship between training-related changes in parietal beta oscillations during encoding and improvements in accuracy. Right parietal beta oscillations could be an intervention target for improving working memory accuracy.

Project description:Growing evidence suggests that healthy aging affects the configuration of large-scale functional brain networks. This includes reducing network modularity and local efficiency. However, the stability of these effects over time and their potential role in learning remain poorly understood. The goal of the present study was to further clarify previously reported age effects on "resting-state" networks, to test their reliability over time, and to assess their relation to subsequent learning during training. Resting-state fMRI data from 23 young (YA) and 20 older adults (OA) were acquired in 2 sessions 2 weeks apart. Graph-theoretic analyses identified both consistencies in network structure and differences in module composition between YA and OA, suggesting topological changes and less stability of functional network configuration with aging. Brain-wide, OA showed lower modularity and local efficiency compared to YA, consistent with the idea of age-related functional dedifferentiation, and these effects were replicable over time. At the level of individual networks, OA consistently showed greater participation and lower local efficiency and within-network connectivity in the cingulo-opercular network, as well as lower intra-network connectivity in the default-mode network and greater participation of the somato-sensorimotor network, suggesting age-related differential effects at the level of specialized brain modules. Finally, brain-wide network properties showed associations, albeit limited, with learning rates, as assessed with 10 days of computerized working memory training administered after the resting-state sessions, suggesting that baseline network configuration may influence subsequent learning outcomes. Identification of neural mechanisms associated with learning-induced plasticity is important for further clarifying whether and how such changes predict the magnitude and maintenance of training gains, as well as the extent and limits of cognitive transfer in both younger and older adults.

Dataset Information

Effects of a chattering teeth training oral appliance for working memory improvement in healthy volunteers: a cross-over randomized trial.

Publications

Effects of a chattering teeth training oral appliance for working memory improvement in healthy volunteers: a cross-over randomized trial.

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