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Cyanide produced with ethylene by ACS and its incomplete detoxification by ?-CAS in mango inflorescence leads to malformation.

ABSTRACT: Malformation of mango inflorescences (MMI) disease causes severe economic losses worldwide. Present research investigates the underlying causes of MMI. Results revealed significantly higher levels of cyanide, a by-product of ethylene biosynthesis, in malformed inflorescences (MI) of mango cultivars. There was a significant rise in ACS transcripts, ACS enzyme activity and cyanide and ethylene levels in MI as compared to healthy inflorescences (HI). Significant differences in levels of methionine, phosphate, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, ascorbate and glutathione, and activities of dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase were seen in MI over HI. Further, a lower expression of ?-cyanoalanine synthase (?-CAS) transcript was associated with decreased cellular ?-CAS activity in MI, indicating accumulation of unmetabolized cyanide. TEM studies showed increased gum-resinosis and necrotic cell organelles, which might be attributed to unmetabolized cyanide. In field trials, increased malformed-necrotic-inflorescence (MNI) by spraying ethrel and decreased MNI by treating with ethylene inhibitors (silver and cobalt ions) further confirmed the involvement of cyanide in MMI. Implying a role for cyanide in MMI at the physiological and molecular level, this study will contribute to better understanding of the etiology of mango inflorescence malformation, and also help manipulate mango varieties genetically for resistance to malformation.

SUBMITTER: Ansari MW

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6892883 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cyanide produced with ethylene by ACS and its incomplete detoxification by β-CAS in mango inflorescence leads to malformation.

Ansari Mohammad Wahid MW Kaushik Shail S Bains Gurdeep G Tula Suresh S Joshi Bhavana B Rani Varsha V Wattal Ratnum Kaul RK Rakwal Randeep R Shukla Alok A Pant Ramesh Chandra RC Tuteja Renu R Tuteja Narendra N

Scientific reports 20191204 1

Malformation of mango inflorescences (MMI) disease causes severe economic losses worldwide. Present research investigates the underlying causes of MMI. Results revealed significantly higher levels of cyanide, a by-product of ethylene biosynthesis, in malformed inflorescences (MI) of mango cultivars. There was a significant rise in ACS transcripts, ACS enzyme activity and cyanide and ethylene levels in MI as compared to healthy inflorescences (HI). Significant differences in levels of methionine, ...[more]

PMID: 31797981

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Project description:Gut microbes can enhance the ability of hosts to consume secondary plant compounds and, therefore, expand the dietary niche breadth of mammalian herbivores. The giant and red pandas are bamboo-eating specialists within the mammalian order Carnivora. Bamboo contains abundant plant secondary metabolites (e.g., cyanide-containing compounds). However, Carnivora species, including the giant panda, have deficient levels of rhodanese (one of the essential cyanide detoxification enzymes) in their tissues compared with the same tissues of herbivores. Here, we make a comparative analysis of 94 gut metagenomes, including 25 from bamboo-eating pandas (19 from giant pandas and 6 from red pandas), 30 from Père David's deer, and 39 from published data for other mammals. The bamboo-eating pandas' gut microbiomes had some common features, such as high proportions of Pseudomonas bacteria. The results revealed that bamboo-eating pandas' gut microbiomes were significantly enriched in putative genes coding for enzymes related to cyanide degradation (e.g., rhodanese) compared with the gut microbiomes of typical herbivorous mammals, which might have coevolved with their special bamboo diets. The enrichment of putative cyanide-digesting gut microbes, in combination with adaptations related to morphology (e.g., pseudothumbs) and genomic signatures, show that the giant panda and red panda have evolved some common traits to adapt to their bamboo diet.IMPORTANCE The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda (Ailurus fulgens), two obligate bamboo feeders, have distinct phylogenetic positions in the order Carnivora. Bamboo is extraordinarily rich in plant secondary metabolites, such as allied phenolic and polyphenolic compounds and even toxic cyanide compounds. Here, the enrichment of putative cyanide-digesting gut microbes, in combination with adaptations related to morphology (e.g., pseudothumbs) and genomic signatures, show that the giant panda and red panda have evolved some common traits to adapt to their bamboo diet. Thus, here is another story of diet-driven gut microbiota in nature.

Dataset Information

Cyanide produced with ethylene by ACS and its incomplete detoxification by ?-CAS in mango inflorescence leads to malformation.

Publications

Cyanide produced with ethylene by ACS and its incomplete detoxification by β-CAS in mango inflorescence leads to malformation.

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