Dataset Information

First report of the cactus cyst nematode, Cactodera cacti, from a cactus garden in Idaho.

ABSTRACT: In April 2018, a cyst nematode was discovered from soil samples collected from a cactus garden collection in Meridian, Ada County, Idaho, USA. The cactus garden collection field reported was observed with localized areas of heavily stunted plants. Roots from affected plants displayed moderate numbers of nematode cysts. Living nematode juveniles (J2) recovered from the cysts were examined morphologically and molecularly for species identification which indicated that the specimens were Cactodera cacti. This is the first report of the cactus cyst nematode, C. cacti in Idaho.In April 2018, a cyst nematode was discovered from soil samples collected from a cactus garden collection in Meridian, Ada County, Idaho, USA. The cactus garden collection field reported was observed with localized areas of heavily stunted plants. Roots from affected plants displayed moderate numbers of nematode cysts. Living nematode juveniles (J2) recovered from the cysts were examined morphologically and molecularly for species identification which indicated that the specimens were Cactodera cacti. This is the first report of the cactus cyst nematode, C. cacti in Idaho.

SUBMITTER: Skantar AM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6909015 | biostudies-literature | 2019

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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First report of the cactus cyst nematode, <i>Cactodera cacti,</i> from a cactus garden in Idaho.

Skantar Andrea M AM Handoo Zafar A ZA Kantor Mihail R MR Hult Maria N MN Hafez Saad A SA

Journal of nematology 20190101

In April 2018, a cyst nematode was discovered from soil samples collected from a cactus garden collection in Meridian, Ada County, Idaho, USA. The cactus garden collection field reported was observed with localized areas of heavily stunted plants. Roots from affected plants displayed moderate numbers of nematode cysts. Living nematode juveniles (J2) recovered from the cysts were examined morphologically and molecularly for species identification which indicated that the specimens were <i>Cactode ...[more]

PMID: 31339253

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Project description:A population of cyst nematode with terminal protuberance was found in soil samples associated with and on the roots of Polygonum aviculare L. at N45°23.480', W75°40.463' in South Ottawa, Ontario. Both J2 and cysts were found. It was subsequently confirmed with morphological and molecular methods as Cactodera estonica Krall and Krall, 1978 (Krall and Krall, 1978). The cysts are dark brown, elongated with length/breadth ratio more than 2, and vulval fenestra circumfenestrate 33 ± 4.1 (20-48) µm in diameter. Vulval slit is short 16 ± 2.7 (13-20) µm. Not all cysts have bullae or underbridge, when present a few bullae scattered on the ventral side of the cyst wall and the underbridge is thin; vulval denticles were found in one specimen. Male not found. J2 measurements are body length at 505 ± 45 (420-630) µm, stylet 25 ± 4.4 (22-29) µm long, and tail 36 ± 3.1 (34-38) µm with a short hyaline portion 14 ± 3.0 (12-19) µm. Lateral fields with four incisures. Tail end is round. All of these are consistent with those of C. estonica, for which the elongated cyst and short hyaline in J2 are characteristic for the species. Ribosomal DNA of the ITS, 18S, and D2/D3 of 28S regions were PCR amplified from cysts and J2s using primers 18S (5'-TTGATTACGTCCCTGCCCTTT-3') and 26S (5'-TTTCACTCGCCGTTACTAAGG-3') (Vrain et al., 1992), D2A (5'-ACAAGTACCGTGAGGGAAAGT-3') (Nunn, 1992) and D3B (5'-GACCCGTCTTGAAACACGGA-3') (De Ley et al., 1999), and sequenced. The sequences of the ITS and D2/D3 regions of 1,480 and 1,363 bps, respectively, were deposited in Genbank with accession numbers MF774482 and MF774483. When blasted in to the NCBI database (August 2017), the ITS sequence was 99% similar to sequences of AF274417, a population of C. estonica from Belgium and of KX579922 from Turkey, and the D2/D3 sequence was 99% similar to sequences of HM560797 and HM560796, populations of C. estonica from China. This is the first reported case of this nematode species in Canada and the second for the western hemisphere (Norgren and Golden, 1986).

Project description:Soil samples collected during a survey for plant-parasitic nematodes in Tift County GA in summer 2017 were submitted for routine diagnosis of nematodes to the Extension Nematology Lab at the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. Cyst nematodes recovered by centrifugal flotation technique were discovered in the samples from two research sites in a field with a history of tobacco and vegetable production. Cyst nematodes from tobacco (10 cysts/100?cm 3 of soil) and vegetable (2 cysts/100?cm 3 of soil) sites had similar morphological features. Morphology and morphometric measurements of the cysts and J2 ( Fig. 1A-C ) were in agreement with those of Heterodera cyperi ( Golden et al., 1962 ; Romero and López-Llorca, 1996 ). Measurements of J2 ( n = 12) included the length (range = 443-494??m, mean = 467.4??m) and width (18.3-24.4??m, 20.6??m) of body, stylet (19.1-20.8??m, 20.3??m), tail (61.6.0-66.4??m, 64.2??m), body width at anus (11.9-14.1??m, 12.8??m), and hyaline tail terminus (22.7-29.2??m, 26.3??m). The lateral field of J2 had three lines. Cysts ( n = 10; Fig. 1C ) were lemon-shaped, light to dark brown in color with protruding neck and vulval cone. The cysts had ambifenestrated vulval cone and no bullae was present. Morphometrics included body length excluding neck (370.5-714.4??m, 555.7??m); body width (165.6-411.1??m, 310.9??m); neck length (36.5-66.3??m, 49.8??m); fenestra length (26.3-42.5??m, 35.8??m), and fenestra width (19.1-31.5??m, 23.8??m). DNA was extracted from single cysts ( n = 3) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rRNA and partial cytochrome oxidase I ( COI ) genes were amplified with primers TW81/AB28 and Het-coxiF/Het-coxiR, respectively ( Subbotin et al., 2001 ; Subbotin, 2015 ) and sequenced. The resulting sequences were deposited into the GenBank database (Accession no. MG825344 and MG857126) and also subjected to BLAST searches in the database. ITS sequence of H. cyperi showed 100% similarity (100% coverage) with that of a H. cyperi population from Spain (AF274388). COI sequence of H. cyperi showed 89% similarity (98% coverage) with that of H. guangdongensis (MF425735), and 88% similarity (83% coverage) with that of H. elachista (KC618473). The pathogenicity of H. cyperi was examined under greenhouse conditions using tobacco cv. K340, tomato cv. Tribute, cucumber cv. Thunder, and yellow nutsedge ( Cyperus esculentus L.). 3-wk-old seedlings of the test plants were transferred into Deepot D25L cell containers (5-cm-diam. × 25.4-cm deep) filled with sterilized sand: sand: soil mixture (1:2) and then inoculated with 1,000 eggs and J2 of H. cyperi . The plants were grown for 90?d in a greenhouse before examination of roots and extraction of cysts from the soil. Results showed that the nematode failed to reproduce on tobacco, tomato, and cucumber whereas white females and mature cysts of H. cyperi were observed on yellow nutsedge roots ( Fig. 1E ). The results confirmed that yellow nutsedeg was a host for the nematode, and tobacco, tomato, or cucumber were non-hosts. In the United States, H. cyperi was reported from Florida, North Carolina, and Arkansas ( Subbotin et al., 2010 ) infecting Cyperus spp. Yellow nutsedge is considered a serious weed problem in many cropping systems including peanut, cotton, tobacco, and vegetable crops in the Southern United States. To our knowledge, this is the first report of H. cyperi infecting yellow nutsedge in Georgia. Figure 1Photomicrographs of Heterodera cyperi from yellow nutsedge in Georgia. Whole body (A), the anterior region (B), and the posterior region (C) of J2. Cysts (D) recovered from the soil and the vulval cone of cyst with the ambifenestrate fenestra (E). A mature cyst (F) on the surface of yellow nutsedge root infected with the nematode.

Project description:Members of the genus Scutellonema can cause substantial crop losses to ornamental and cultivated plants directly by feeding ectoparasitically on plant roots (Bridge et al., 2005; Coyne et al., 2006). In May 2015, a soil sample from a house garden from Heraklion city in Crete, Greece, was sent for diagnosis of plant-parasitic nematodes. In this place, there had been cactus (Opuntia sp.) plants (probably imported), which were uprooted 3 to 4 years earlier. After that, the area was cropped with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in spring-summer and leaf vegetables such as spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in autumn-winter. The soil was collected 1 mon after the end of chicory crop. A population density (ca. 30 individuals/100 cm(3) of soil) of spiral nematodes (Scutellonema sp.) was found by extracting soil with the wet sieving and decanting method (Cobb, 1918). Morphological and molecular analyses of females identified the species as Scutellonema brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrássy, 1958. The morphology of females was characterized by a hemispherical lip region with four to six annuli, morphometric data for 12 females were L, 640 to 760 ?m; a, 24.6 to 30.6; b, 5.8 to 7.4; c, 69.1 to 99.3; c´ 0.5 to 0.6; stylet, 24.5 to 27.5 ?m with anterior part shorter than posterior; and spermatheca nonfunctional and male absent. The morphology agreed with the description of S. brachyurus (van den Berg et al., 2013). Alignment indicated that the D2-D3 and ITS sequences (KU059494 and KU059495, respectively) showed 99% and 100% to 99% similarity, respectively, to other sequences of S. brachyurus (type A) deposited in GenBank from the United States, Italy, and Korea (JX472037-JX472046, DQ328753, FJ485643; and JX472069, JX472070, JX472071, respectively), differing from one to six nucleotides. Phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian inference of these sequences placed the Scutellonema sp. in a highly supported (100%) clade that included all S. brachyurus (type A) sequences deposited in GenBank (van den Berg et al., 2013). All identification methods were consistent with S. brachyurus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. brachyurus for Greece. As the cucumbers and the leaf vegetables cultivated in the area were seed planted, we consider that the nematode originated most probably from the cactus plants which had been previously root ball planted. Scutellonema brachyurus may represent a threat for ornamental and cultivated plants production in Crete, Greece. The nematode has been already reported, mainly in greenhouses of six European countries (CABI and EPPO, 2006). In most of these cases, it is hypothesized that the nematode was introduced by imported plant material.

Dataset Information

First report of the cactus cyst nematode, Cactodera cacti, from a cactus garden in Idaho.

Publications

First report of the cactus cyst nematode, <i>Cactodera cacti,</i> from a cactus garden in Idaho.

Similar Datasets

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