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First report of Cactodera milleri Graney and Bird, 1990 from Colorado and Minnesota.

ABSTRACT: In 2019, Cactodera milleri cysts were discovered from soil samples collected from a Chenopodium quinoa field, located in Mosca, Alamosa county, Colorado, USA. Approximately 200 lemon shaped cysts and several hundred juveniles were recovered from the affected quinoa plants. The same species was also identified from several counties in Minnesota from samples submitted over the years by the Minnesota Department of Agriculture as part of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) efforts to survey states for the presence of Pale Potato Cyst Nematode. The cysts and juveniles (J2) were recovered from soil samples through sieving and Baermann funnel extraction. The nematode species was identified by both morphological and molecular means as Cactodera milleri (Graney and Bird, 1990). To our knowledge this represents the first report of Cactodera milleri from Colorado and Minnesota.

SUBMITTER: Skantar AM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8040000 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:A population of cyst nematode with terminal protuberance was found in soil samples associated with and on the roots of Polygonum aviculare L. at N45°23.480', W75°40.463' in South Ottawa, Ontario. Both J2 and cysts were found. It was subsequently confirmed with morphological and molecular methods as Cactodera estonica Krall and Krall, 1978 (Krall and Krall, 1978). The cysts are dark brown, elongated with length/breadth ratio more than 2, and vulval fenestra circumfenestrate 33 ± 4.1 (20-48) µm in diameter. Vulval slit is short 16 ± 2.7 (13-20) µm. Not all cysts have bullae or underbridge, when present a few bullae scattered on the ventral side of the cyst wall and the underbridge is thin; vulval denticles were found in one specimen. Male not found. J2 measurements are body length at 505 ± 45 (420-630) µm, stylet 25 ± 4.4 (22-29) µm long, and tail 36 ± 3.1 (34-38) µm with a short hyaline portion 14 ± 3.0 (12-19) µm. Lateral fields with four incisures. Tail end is round. All of these are consistent with those of C. estonica, for which the elongated cyst and short hyaline in J2 are characteristic for the species. Ribosomal DNA of the ITS, 18S, and D2/D3 of 28S regions were PCR amplified from cysts and J2s using primers 18S (5'-TTGATTACGTCCCTGCCCTTT-3') and 26S (5'-TTTCACTCGCCGTTACTAAGG-3') (Vrain et al., 1992), D2A (5'-ACAAGTACCGTGAGGGAAAGT-3') (Nunn, 1992) and D3B (5'-GACCCGTCTTGAAACACGGA-3') (De Ley et al., 1999), and sequenced. The sequences of the ITS and D2/D3 regions of 1,480 and 1,363 bps, respectively, were deposited in Genbank with accession numbers MF774482 and MF774483. When blasted in to the NCBI database (August 2017), the ITS sequence was 99% similar to sequences of AF274417, a population of C. estonica from Belgium and of KX579922 from Turkey, and the D2/D3 sequence was 99% similar to sequences of HM560797 and HM560796, populations of C. estonica from China. This is the first reported case of this nematode species in Canada and the second for the western hemisphere (Norgren and Golden, 1986).

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First report of Cactodera milleri Graney and Bird, 1990 from Colorado and Minnesota.

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