Dataset Information

Controlling Nitrogen Oxide (NO x ) Emissions from Exothermic Nitrogen Generation Systems for Application in Subsea Environments.

ABSTRACT: A highly exothermic nitrogen generation system (NGS) can be achieved by mixing solutions of sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride, a process used by the oil and gas industry to dissolve paraffin wax and gas hydrates. Although its main products are nitrogen gas and a sodium chloride brine, the NGS has a side reaction that produces nitrogen oxides. To optimize this process to ensure the greatest and fastest heat generation with the lowest oxide production, this reaction was checked by infrared spectroscopy and calorimetry. The factors temperature, pH, and initial concentration of nitrite and ammonium were evaluated, and the optimal conditions of the NGS were determined by the constructed models to predict heat and NO x generation. These conditions were a ratio of ammonium/nitrite equal to 1 and a catalyst concentration of 0.07 mol·L-1 (for a case in which the temperature is 5 °C).

SUBMITTER: Bispo FJS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6933760 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Controlling Nitrogen Oxide (NO <sub><i>x</i></sub> ) Emissions from Exothermic Nitrogen Generation Systems for Application in Subsea Environments.

Bispo Felipe J S FJS Kartnaller Vinicius V Cajaiba João J

ACS omega 20191213 26

A highly exothermic nitrogen generation system (NGS) can be achieved by mixing solutions of sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride, a process used by the oil and gas industry to dissolve paraffin wax and gas hydrates. Although its main products are nitrogen gas and a sodium chloride brine, the NGS has a side reaction that produces nitrogen oxides. To optimize this process to ensure the greatest and fastest heat generation with the lowest oxide production, this reaction was checked by infrared spec ...[more]

PMID: 31891078

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Project description:Few studies have assessed the common, yet unproven, hypothesis that an increase of plant nitrogen (N) uptake and/or recovery efficiency (NRE) will reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emission during crop production. Understanding the relationships between N2O emissions and crop N uptake and use efficiency parameters can help inform crop N management recommendations for both efficiency and environmental goals. Analyses were conducted to determine which of several commonly used crop N uptake-derived parameters related most strongly to growing season N2O emissions under varying N management practices in North American maize systems. Nitrogen uptake-derived variables included total aboveground N uptake (TNU), grain N uptake (GNU), N recovery efficiency (NRE), net N balance (NNB) in relation to GNU [NNB(GNU)] and TNU [NNB(TNU)], and surplus N (SN). The relationship between N2O and N application rate was sigmoidal with relatively small emissions for N rates <130 kg ha-1, and a sharp increase for N rates from 130 to 220 kg ha-1; on average, N2O increased linearly by about 5 g N per kg of N applied for rates up to 220 kg ha-1. Fairly strong and significant negative relationships existed between N2O and NRE when management focused on N application rate (r2 = 0.52) or rate and timing combinations (r2 = 0.65). For every percentage point increase, N2O decreased by 13 g N ha-1 in response to N rates, and by 20 g N ha-1 for NRE changes in response to rate-by-timing treatments. However, more consistent positive relationships (R2 = 0.73-0.77) existed between N2O and NNB(TNU), NNB(GNU), and SN, regardless of rate and timing of N application; on average N2O emission increased by about 5, 7, and 8 g N, respectively, per kg increase of NNB(GNU), NNB(TNU), and SN. Neither N source nor placement influenced the relationship between N2O and NRE. Overall, our analysis indicated that a careful selection of appropriate N rate applied at the right time can both increase NRE and reduce N2O. However, N2O reduction benefits of optimum N rate-by-timing practices were achieved most consistently with management systems that reduced NNB through an increase of grain N removal or total plant N uptake relative to the total fertilizer N applied to maize. Future research assessing crop or N management effects on N2O should include N uptake parameter measurements to better understand N2O emission relationships to plant NRE and N uptake.

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Dataset Information

Controlling Nitrogen Oxide (NO x ) Emissions from Exothermic Nitrogen Generation Systems for Application in Subsea Environments.

Publications

Controlling Nitrogen Oxide (NO <sub><i>x</i></sub> ) Emissions from Exothermic Nitrogen Generation Systems for Application in Subsea Environments.

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