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Cholesterol restricts lymphotoxin β receptor-triggered NF-κB signaling.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) plays important roles in the development of the immune system and immune response. At the cellular level, ligand-bound LTβR activates the pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway but the detailed mechanisms regulating its signaling remain unknown. Understanding them is of high importance since LTβR and its ligands are promising therapeutic targets. Here, we studied the consequences of perturbed cellular cholesterol content on LTβR-induced NF-κB signaling. METHODS:To modulate cholesterol availability and/or level in lung carcinoma A549 and H2228, and endothelial HUVEC cells different treatment regimens with filipin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin and simvastatin were applied. LTβR localization was studied by confocal microscopy. The activity of LTβR-induced NF-κB pathway was assessed by measuring the levels of NF-κB pathway inhibitor IκBα and phosphorylation of RelA transcription factor by Western blotting. The NF-κB transcriptional response, production of chemokines and adhesion molecules were examined by qRT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blotting, respectively. Adherence of different types of primary immune cells to epithelial A549 cells and endothelial HUVECs was measured fluorometrically. Interactions of LTβR with its protein partners were investigated by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS:We showed that filipin-mediated sequestration of cholesterol or its depletion from the plasma membrane with methyl-β-cyclodextrin impaired LTβR internalization and potentiated LTβR-dependent activation of the canonical branch of the NF-κB pathway. The latter was manifested by enhanced degradation of IκBα inhibitor, elevated RelA phosphorylation, substantial increase in the expression of NF-κB target genes encoding, among others, cytokines and adhesion molecules known to play important roles in immune response. It was followed by robust secretion of CXCL8 and upregulation of ICAM1, that favored the adhesion of immune cells (NK and T cells, neutrophils) to A549 cells and HUVECs. Mechanistically, we showed that cholesterol depletion stabilized interactions of ligand-stimulated LTβR with modified forms of TRAF2 and NEMO proteins. CONCLUSIONS:Our results showed that the reduction of the plasma membrane content of cholesterol or its sequestration strongly potentiated signaling outcome initiated by LTβR. Thus, drugs modulating cholesterol levels could potentially improve efficacy of LTβR-based therapies. Video abstract.

SUBMITTER: Banach-Orlowska M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6933913 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Lymphotoxin ? receptor (LT?R) is a member of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily which regulates the immune response. At the cellular level, upon ligand binding, the receptor activates the pro-inflammatory NF-?B and AP-1 pathways. Yet, the intracellular distribution of LT?R, the routes of its endocytosis and their connection to the signaling activation are not characterized. Here, we investigated the contribution of LT?R internalization to its signaling potential. METHODS:Intracellular localization of LT?R in unstimulated and stimulated cells was analyzed by confocal microscopy. Endocytosis impairment was achieved through siRNA- or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated depletion, or chemical inhibition of proteins regulating endocytic routes. The activation of LT?R-induced signaling was examined. The levels of effector proteins of the canonical and non-canonical branches of the NF-?B pathway, and the phosphorylation of JNK, Akt, ERK1/2, STAT1 and STAT3 involved in diverse signaling cascades, were measured by Western blotting. A transcriptional response to LT?R stimulation was assessed by qRT-PCR analysis. RESULTS:We demonstrated that LT?R was predominantly present on endocytic vesicles and the Golgi apparatus. The ligand-bound pool of the receptor localized to endosomes and was trafficked towards lysosomes for degradation. Depletion of regulators of different endocytic routes (clathrin-mediated, dynamin-dependent or clathrin-independent) resulted in the impairment of LT?R internalization, indicating that this receptor uses multiple entry pathways. Cells deprived of clathrin and dynamins exhibited enhanced activation of canonical NF-?B signaling represented by increased degradation of I?B? inhibitor and elevated expression of LT?R target genes. We also demonstrated that clathrin and dynamin deficiency reduced to some extent LT?R-triggered activation of the non-canonical branch of the NF-?B pathway. CONCLUSIONS:Our work shows that the impairment of clathrin- and dynamin-dependent internalization amplifies a cellular response to LT?R stimulation. We postulate that receptor internalization restricts responsiveness of the cell to subthreshold stimuli. Video Abstract.

Project description:Rationale: Breast cancer (BrCa) is the most common cancer worldwide, and the 5-year relative survival rate has declined in patients diagnosed at stage IV. Advanced BrCa is considered as incurable, which still lack effective treatment strategies. Identifying and characterizing new tumor suppression genes is important to establish effective prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets for late-stage BrCa. Methods: RNA-seq was applied in BrCa tissues and normal breast tissues. Through analyzing differentially expressed genes, DRD2 was selected for further analysis. And expression and promoter methylation status of DRD2 were also determined. DRD2 functions were analyzed by various cell biology assays in vitro. Subcutaneous tumor model was used to explore DRD2 effects in vivo. A co-cultivated system was constructed to investigate interactions of DRD2 and macrophages in vitro. WB, IHC, IF, TUNEL, qRT-PCR, Co-IP, Antibody Array, and Mass Spectrum analysis were further applied to determine the detailed mechanism. Results: In BrCa, DRD2 was found to be downregulated due to promoter methylation. Higher expression of DRD2 positively correlated with longer survival times especially in HER2-positive patients. DRD2 also promoted BrCa cells sensitivity to Paclitaxel. Ectopic expression of DRD2 significantly inhibited BrCa tumorigenesis. DRD2 also induced apoptosis as well as necroptosis in vitro and in vivo. DRD2 restricted NF-κB signaling pathway activation through interacting with β-arrestin2, DDX5 and eEF1A2. Interestingly, DRD2 also regulated microenvironment as it facilitated M1 polarization of macrophages, and triggered GSDME-executed pyroptosis. Conclusion: Collectively, this study novelly manifests the role of DRD2 in suppressing BrCa tumorigenesis, predicting prognosis and treatment response. And this study further reveals the critical role of DRD2 in educating M1 macrophages, restricting NF-κB signaling pathway and triggering different processes of programmed cell death in BrCa. Taking together, those findings represent a predictive and therapeutic target for BrCa.

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Cholesterol restricts lymphotoxin β receptor-triggered NF-κB signaling.

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