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The correlation between optical coherence tomography retinal shape irregularity and axial length.

ABSTRACT: PURPOSE:To describe the retinal contour in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, and report the relationship between retinal contour and axial length. METHODS:Retinal contour was defined by the path of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) line in macular and extra-macular OCTs of 70 eyes of 70 participants recruited from ophthalmology clinics in South Australia. The shape of this contour was described by the best-fit curvature (K), and Fourier analysis of the difference between K and the RPE. The Fourier transformation was summarised by total difference (sumdiff), maximum single frequency difference (MaxE), and root mean square difference (rmse) between each B scan residual and the average normal. All-of-eye and regional median and interquartile range (IQR) shape features were correlated to axial length. RESULTS:Retinal shape irregularity measured by Fourier transformation correlated with axial length: all-of-eye median and IQR sumdiff (? = 0.66 and ? = 0.60 respectively), median and IQR rmse (? = 0.67 and ? = 0.48), median MaxE (? = 0.61), and IQR K (? = 0.61) all correlated with axial length. Correlation with axial length was also seen in these parameters for 11 of 17 regions. Retinal irregularity was greatest at the macula and in inferior regions. CONCLUSION:Retinal OCT shape becomes increasingly irregular as axial length increases. The range of curvature correlates with axial length, while median curvature does not.

SUBMITTER: Lake S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6936846 | biostudies-literature | 2019

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Shape analysis of rectus extraocular muscles with age and axial length using anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

Project description:PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the shape of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) in normal subjects using the en-face images of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). The EOM insertion and the direction of the muscle fibers were investigated.Subjects and methodsA total of 97 healthy normal subjects (194 eyes) at Okayama University Hospital (age, 47.1±21.5 years; range, 8-79 years) participated in the study. A series of 256 tomographic images of the rectus EOMs were captured using the C-scan function of the AS-OCT (CASIA2, TOMEY Co., Japan), and the images were converted to en-face images in multi-TIFF format. The anterior chamber angle to EOM insertion distance (AID) and the angle of the muscle fibers from the insertion site (angle of muscles) were measured from the images. The correlations of AID and angle of muscles with age and axial length were investigated and evaluated.ResultsAID and angle of muscles were significantly correlated with age or axial length in some EOMs. The AIDs of medial rectus (MR) (P = 0.000) and superior rectus (SR) (P = 0.005) shortened with age. The AIDs of MR (P = 0.001) and inferior rectus (IR) (P = 0.035) elongated with axial length, whereas lateral rectus (LR) (P = 0.013) shortened. The angles of MR (P = 0.001) and LR (P = 0.000) were found to have a more downward direction toward the posterior in older subjects.ConclusionEn-face images can be created by AS-OCT, and the shape of the EOMs in normal subjects using these image measurements was available. With the ability to assess the EOMs, AID and angle of muscles are expected give useful information for treating and diagnosing strabismus-related diseases.

| S-EPMC7757803 | biostudies-literature

The repeatability of superficial retinal vessel density measurements in eyes with long axial length using optical coherence tomography angiography.

Project description:BACKGROUND:To investigate the repeatability of superficial retinal vessel density measurements in healthy eyes with long axial length (AL) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS:There were 60 eyes of 31 volunteers enrolled in this cross-sectional observational study. All subjects underwent OCTA, AL and refraction test. The enrolled eyes were divided into the long AL group (26 mm ≤ AL < 28 mm) and normal AL group (22 mm ≤ AL < 26 mm). The vessel length density (VLD), perfusion density (PD), and fovea avascular zone (FAZ) of the superficial retinal vessel were evaluated. Repeatability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman analysis. Pearson's r correlation was used to analyze the relation of AL and the absolute difference between two measurements. RESULTS:The 3 × 3 mm scan pattern showed good repeatability with all ICCs over 0.7. For all parameters of all scan patterns, the ICCs of the normal AL group were distinctly higher than those of the long AL group; this finding was also confirmed by Bland-Altman analysis. The correlation analysis of AL and repeatability of OCTA parameters showed significant negative correlations between the ALs and repeatability of VLD in 6 × 6 mm inner ring (r2 = 0.13, p = 0.01), VLD in 6 × 6 mm outer ring (r2 = 0.09, p = 0.02) and PD in 6 × 6 mm outer ring (r2 = 0.08, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS:The AL and the scanned area will both affect the repeatability of superficial retinal vessel density measurements in OCTA.

| S-EPMC6297956 | biostudies-literature

Effect of axial length on peripapillary microvasculature: An optical coherence tomography angiography study.

Project description:ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of axial length (AL) on the peripapillary microvascular density acquired from optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).MethodsRetrospective observational study. A total of 111 eyes from 111 normal healthy subjects were examined. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the AL: Group 1 (AL: < 24.0 mm; 35 eyes), Group 2 (AL: 24.0-25.99 mm; 37 eyes), and Group 3 (AL: ≥ 26 mm; 39 eyes). Peripapillary OCTA images were acquired using 6× 6 mm angiography scans, and vessel density (VD) and perfusion density (PD) of the superficial capillary plexus were calculated automatically. VD and PD were compared among the three groups according to the distance from the optic disc (inner and outer rings). Linear regression analyses were also performed to identify clinical factors associated with average VD.ResultsThe average ALs of Groups 1-3 were 23.33± 0.57, 25.05± 0.60, and 27.42± 0.82, respectively. Average VD (P = 0.009) and PD (P = 0.029) in the inner ring increased with increasing AL. However, average VD (P < 0.001) and PD (P < 0.001) in the outer ring decreased with AL increased; the same trends were found for the full areas (VD, p<0.001; PD, p = 0.001). Average VDs in the inner and outer rings were not associated (P = 0.938).ConclusionsPeripapillary VD and PD were significantly associated with AL. Depending on the distance from the disc, peripapillary VDs and PDs of the inner and outer rings were differentially affected by AL. Physicians should therefore consider the effects of AL in the analyses of peripapillary microvasculature.

| S-EPMC8516294 | biostudies-literature

Comparison of composite and segmental methods for acquiring optical axial length with swept-source optical coherence tomography.

Project description:This study compared the optical axial length (AL) obtained by composite and segmental methods using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) devices, and demonstrated its effects on the post-operative refractive errors (RE) one month after cataract surgery. Conventional AL measured with the composite method used the mean refractive index. The segmented-AL method used individual refractive indices for each ocular medium. The composite AL (24.52 ± 2.03 mm) was significantly longer (P < 0.001) than the segmented AL (24.49 ± 1.97 mm) among a total of 374 eyes of 374 patients. Bland-Altman analysis revealed a negative proportional bias for the differences between composite and segmented ALs. Although there was no significant difference in the RE obtained by the composite and segmental methods (0.42 ± 0.38 D vs 0.41 ± 0.36 D, respectively, P = 0.35), subgroup analysis of extremely long eyes implanted with a low power intraocular lens indicated that predicted RE was significantly smaller with the segmental method (0.45 ± 0.86 D) than that with the composite method (0.80 ± 0.86 D, P < 0.001). Segmented AL with SS-OCT is more accurate than composite AL in eyes with extremely long AL and can improve post-operative hyperopic shifts in such eyes.

| S-EPMC7066125 | biostudies-literature

Correlation of Outer Retinal Degeneration and Choriocapillaris Loss in Stargardt Disease Using En Face Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Project description:PurposeThis study measured and correlated degeneration of the junction between the inner and outer segments (IS/OS), the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and the choriocapillaris (CC) in Stargardt disease (STGD).DesignProspective cross-sectional study.MethodsThis study was conducted at the Casey Eye Institute. A total of 23 patients with STGD were enrolled and underwent optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Scans were centered on the fovea. OCT slab projections and en face boundary maps were used to create masks to measure total IS/OS loss or RPE atrophy as well as regions of isolated IS/OS loss, isolated RPE atrophy, and matched IS/OS and RPE degeneration or intact IS/OS junction and RPE. CC vascular density (CCVD) was quantified from the CC angiogram. Outcomes included the area of loss, and the CCVD of degeneration in different areas was quantified and correlated.ResultsThe total area of IS/OS loss was strongly correlated with the total area of RPE atrophy (r = 0.96; P < 0.0001) by a 1.6:1 ratio (r2 = 0.90). CCVD within regions of matched degeneration (85.6% ± 2.7%; P < 0.0001), isolated IS/OS junction loss (93.6% ± 1.0%; P = 0.0011), and isolated RPE atrophy (94.1% ± 1.1%; P = 0.0065) were all significantly lower than normal (99.0% ± 0.17%). There was a trend for CCVD within intact areas (97.6% ± 0.38%) to decline as the area diminished (r = 0.68).ConclusionsPhotoreceptor and RPE degeneration exhibited a strong relationship wherein the IS/OS loss was 1.6-fold greater than that of RPE atrophy, supporting the theory that photoreceptor degeneration precedes RPE in STGD. Both the photoreceptors and the RPE degeneration contributed synergistically to CCVD attenuation, but extralesional CCVD also tended to be abnormal. The findings and techniques in this study may be of utility in developing endpoints for clinical trials.

| S-EPMC6548611 | biostudies-literature

Correlation of Optical Coherence Tomography and Retinal Histology in Normal and Pro23His Retinal Degeneration Pig.

Project description:Purpose:We correlate optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal layer thickness measurements with histology in wild-type and retinal degenerative pigs. Methods:OCT scans were obtained using the Bioptigen Envisu R2200. In normal pigs, three eyes were imaged in vivo, and three eyes were imaged after enucleation. In the Pro23His retinal degeneration pigs (P23H), one eye was imaged in vivo and four eyes were imaged after enucleation. All eyes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and processed for histology. Corresponding retinal locations on OCT and histology were identified using anatomic landmarks (optic nerve, retinal vessels, visual streak). Individual retinal layer thicknesses were measured by two independent, masked graders, and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to determine agreement. OCT and histologic retinal thickness measurements were averaged and compared. Results:OCT and histologic measurements correlated highly in normal and diseased eyes (R 2 = 0.91 and 0.92, respectively), and scans performed in vivo and ex vivo did not differ significantly. Despite good overall correlation, certain individual retinal layers (e.g., retinal nerve fiber layer [NFL], inner [INL] and outer [ONL] nuclear layers) appeared thicker on OCT compared to histology, while other layers (e.g., retinal pigment epithelium) appeared thinner. No statistically significant difference was found between OCT and histology for any retinal layer thickness measurement. Conclusions:Retinal layer thickness measurements correlate well with histology in pig eyes, but differences in individual retinal layers may be seen. Translational Relevance:OCT may be used in pigs to measure retinal thicknesses with good overall correlation to histologic measurements.

| S-EPMC6269133 | biostudies-literature

Distinct Retinal Capillary Plexuses in Normal Eyes as Observed in Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Axial Profile Analysis.

Project description:Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) allows the retinal microvasculature to be visualized at various retinal depths. Previous studies introduced OCTA axial profile analysis and showed regional variations in the number and location of axially distinct vascular retinal plexuses. OCTA acquisition and processing approaches, however, vary in terms of their resulting transverse and axial resolutions, and especially the latter could potentially influence the profile analysis results. Our study imaged normal eyes using the Spectralis OCT2 with a full-spectrum, probabilistic OCTA algorithm, that, in marked contrast to split-spectrum approaches, preserves the original high OCT axial resolution also within the resulting OCTA signal. En face OCTA images are generally created by averaging flow signals over a finite axial depth window. However, we assessed regional OCTA signal profiles at each depth position at full axial resolution. All regions had two sharp vessel density peaks near the inner and outer boundaries of the inner nuclear layer, indicating separate intermediate and deep capillary plexuses. The superficial vascular plexus (SVP) separated into two distinct peaks within the ganglion cell layer in the parafoveal zone. The nasal, superior, and inferior perifovea had a deeper SVP peak that was shifted anteriorly compared to the parafoveal zone. Axial vascular density analysis with high-resolution, full spectrum OCTA thus allows healthy retinal vasculature to be precisely reconstructed and may be useful for clinically assessing retinal pathology.

| S-EPMC6010462 | biostudies-literature

Relationship Between Retinal Perfusion and Retinal Thickness in Healthy Subjects: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study.

Project description:PurposeTo investigate the relationship between retinal perfusion and retinal thickness in the peripapillary and macular areas of healthy subjects.MethodsUsing spectral-domain optic coherence tomography and split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation angiography (SSADA) algorithm, retinal perfusion and retinal thicknesses in the macular and peripapillary areas were measured in healthy volunteers, and correlations among these variables were analyzed.ResultsOverall, 64 subjects (121 eyes) including 28 males and 36 females with a mean ± SD age of 38 ± 13 years participated. Linear mixed-models showed that vessel area density was significantly correlated with the inner retinal thickness (from the inner limiting membrane to the outer border of the inner nucleus layer; P < 0.05), but not with the thickness of the full retina (P > 0.05) in the parafoveal area. The area of the foveal capillary-free zone was negatively correlated with the inner and full foveal thicknesses (all P < 0.001). In the peripapillary area, the vessel area density was positively correlated with the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (P < 0.001).ConclusionsIn healthy subjects, retinal perfusion in small vessels was closely correlated with the thickness of the inner retinal layers in both the macular and peripapillary areas.

| S-EPMC4968770 | biostudies-literature

Retinal capillary oximetry with visible light optical coherence tomography.

Project description:Assessing oxygen saturation (sO2) remains challenging but is nonetheless necessary for understanding retinal metabolism. We and others previously achieved oximetry on major retinal vessels and measured the total retinal oxygen metabolic rate in rats using visible-light optical coherence tomography. Here we extend oximetry measurements to capillaries and investigate all three retinal vascular plexuses by amplifying and extracting the spectroscopic signal from each capillary segment under the guidance of optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography. Using this approach, we measured capillary sO2 in the retinal circulation in rats, demonstrated reproducibility of the results, validated the measurements in superficial capillaries with known perfusion pathways, and determined sO2 responses to hypoxia and hyperoxia in the different retinal capillary beds. OCT capillary oximetry has the potential to provide new insights into the retinal circulation in the normal eye as well as in retinal vascular diseases.

| S-EPMC7260968 | biostudies-literature

Optical Coherence Tomography-Angiography of a large retinal microaneurysm.

Project description:A 63-year-old healthy woman was referred for a retinal examination. Dilated fundus examination of the left eye revealed small retinal hemorrhage with surrounding exudation, most consistent with a large retinal microaneurysm, which was confirmed by fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). OCT-A has the potential to clearly delineate the anatomy of retinal aneurysms and could be used for diagnosis and surveillance, possibly replacing the current gold-standard fluorescein angiography.

| S-EPMC7191538 | biostudies-literature

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