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Optimized nitrogen management enhances lodging resistance of rice and its morpho-anatomical, mechanical, and molecular mechanisms.

ABSTRACT: Increasing evidence shows that improved nitrogen management can enhance lodging resistance and lower internodes play a key role in the lodging resistance of rice. However, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced lodging resistance under improved nitrogen management. In the present study, two rice varieties, with contrasting lodging resistance, were grown under optimized N management (OPT) and farmers' fertilizer practices. Under OPT, the lower internodes of both cultivars were shorter but the upper internodes were longer, while both culm diameter and wall thickness of lower internodes were dramatically increased. Microscopic examination showed that the culm wall of lower internodes under OPT contained more sclerenchyma cells beneath epidermis and vascular bundle sheath. The genome-wide gene expression profiling revealed that transcription of genes encoding cell wall loosening factors was down-regulated while transcription of genes participating in lignin and starch synthesis was up-regulated under OPT, resulting in inhibition of longitudinal growth, promotion in transverse growth of lower internodes and enhancement of lodging resistance. This is the first comprehensive report on the morpho-anatomical, mechanical, and molecular mechanisms of lodging resistance of rice under optimized N management.

SUBMITTER: Pan J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6937289 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Optimized nitrogen management enhances lodging resistance of rice and its morpho-anatomical, mechanical, and molecular mechanisms.

Pan Junfeng J Zhao Junliang J Liu Yanzhuo Y Huang Nongrong N Tian Ka K Shah Farooq F Liang Kaiming K Zhong Xuhua X Liu Bin B

Scientific reports 20191230 1

Increasing evidence shows that improved nitrogen management can enhance lodging resistance and lower internodes play a key role in the lodging resistance of rice. However, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced lodging resistance under improved nitrogen management. In the present study, two rice varieties, with contrasting lodging resistance, were grown under optimized N management (OPT) and farmers' fertilizer practices. Under OPT, the lower internod ...[more]

PMID: 31889083

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Project description:Modern rice cultivation relies heavily upon inorganic nitrogen fertilization. Effective fertilizer management is key to sustainable agricultural development. Field and pot trials were conducted in 2014-2016, including a 15N-labeled urea pot experiment (2014) to investigate mechanism by which optimized nitrogen fertilizer application (OFA) increases nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE). Results showed that the applied nitrogen recovery efficiencies with OFA were 71.71%, 110.17%, and 51.38% higher than those obtained with traditional nitrogen fertilizer application (TFA) in 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively. These improvements are attributed mainly to the high recovery efficiency rates derived from spikelet-developing and spikelet-promoting fertilizer applications at the jointing stage and 15-20 d after jointing. Under OFA, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied at the early stages was half that used in TFA, which not only promoted the absorption of soil nitrogen, but also reduced nitrogen loss to the environment, as the NUE of basal and tillering fertilizer was only about 22%. Nitrogen applied during the panicle differentiation stage increased the expression of ATM1;1, a NH4 + transporter in roots. This effect significantly improved the uptake of nitrogen derived from fertilizer from jointing to heading stage. Up-regulation of the expression and activity of GS and GOGAT at the panicle differentiation and grain-filling stages promoted nitrogen translocation from vegetative organs to reproductive organs. The uptake of nitrogen derived from fertilizer increased from 22.51% in TFA to 35.58% in OFA. Nevertheless, rice absorbs most of the nitrogen it requires from the soil. The OFA treatment could effectively utilize the environmental compensation effect, promote the absorption and transport of nitrogen, and ultimately lead to improvement in NUE. Future research should aim to understand the soil nitrogen supply capacity in order to apply nitrogenous fertilizer in such a way that it sustains the nitrogen balance.

Project description:Brachiaria humidicola, a tropical forage grass, is recognized for its tolerance to temporary waterlogging. Waterlogged soils are characterized by slow movement of gases and oxygen defficiency. B. humidicola accessions showed adaptations common to wetland species, including a ventilation system (aerenchyma) from shoot to root that might facilitate O2 transport and the escape of gases that usually accumulate in roots under waterlogging. Of 12 accessions tested, one accession (CIAT 26570) showed greater aerenchyma formation. Quicker growth under waterlogging of CIAT 26570 might be associated with greater aerenchyma formation. Soil waterlogging reduces gas exchange between the soil and the atmosphere, leading to oxygen deprivation in the rhizosphere. Brachiaria spp. are the most widely sown forage grasses in tropical America. Among commercial Brachiaria grasses, B. humidicola shows superior tolerance to waterlogged soils based on maintenance of growth and reduced leaf chlorophyll loss and senescence. However, little is known about the underlying traits of waterlogging tolerance in B. humidicola or their intraspecific variation. For this purpose, an outdoor study was conducted using 12 germplasm accessions of B. humidicola that were grown in soil cylinders under drained or waterlogged soil conditions for 21 days. Dry mass production and morpho-anatomical responses (aerenchyma in shoots and roots, root diameter, proportional area of stele in roots, number of nodal and lateral roots, and length of the longest root) were determined. All accessions showed shorter roots and reduced root dry mass under waterlogged soil conditions. All accessions showed aerenchyma in shoots and roots under drained conditions but were further increased under waterlogging. All accessions showed a reduction in the proportional area of stele of roots in response to waterlogging. The accession (CIAT 26570) that showed a higher proportion of aerenchyma in shoots and roots and an increased number of nodal roots (with higher diameter and a reduction in the number of lateral roots) showed longer roots, less reduction in root dry mass and increased shoot growth under waterlogged conditions. We conclude that superior growth of one accession (CIAT 26570) under waterlogged soil conditions is probably a result of morpho-anatomical traits acting together to enhance root aeration and shoot ventilation. Further research is needed to test the ability to recover from waterlogging in B. humidicola accessions.

Dataset Information

Optimized nitrogen management enhances lodging resistance of rice and its morpho-anatomical, mechanical, and molecular mechanisms.

Publications

Optimized nitrogen management enhances lodging resistance of rice and its morpho-anatomical, mechanical, and molecular mechanisms.

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