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Revisiting the size selective performance of EPA's high-volume total suspended particulate matter (Hi-Vol TSP) sampler.

ABSTRACT: Under the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for airborne lead, measurements are conducted by means of a high-volume total suspended particulate matter (Hi-Vol TSP) sampler. In the decade between 1973 and 1983, there were 12 publications that explored the sampling characteristics and effectiveness of the Hi-Vol TSP, yet there persists uncertainty regarding its performance. This article presents an overview of the existing literature on the performance of the Hi-Vol TSP, and identifies the reported sampler effectiveness with respect to four factors: particle size (reported effectiveness of 7%-100%), wind speed (-36% to 100%), sampler orientation (7%-100%), and operational state (107%-140%). Effectiveness of the Hi-Vol TSP was evaluated with a solid, polydisperse aerosol in a controlled wind tunnel setting. Isokinetic samplers were deployed alongside the Hi-Vol TSP to investigate three wind speeds (2, 8, and 24 km h-1), three sampler orientations (0°, 45°, 90°), and two operational states (on, off) for aerosols with aerodynamic diameters from 5 to 35 ?m. Results indicate that particle diameter was the largest determining factor of effectiveness followed by wind speed. Orientation of the sampler did not have a significant effect at 2 and 8 km h-1 but did at 24 km h-1. In a passive state, the Hi-Vol TSP was collected between 1% and 7% of available aerosol depending on particle size and wind speed. Results of this research do not invalidate results of previous studies but rather contribute to our overall understanding of the Hi-Vol TSP's size-selective performance. While results generally agreed with previous studies, the Hi-Vol TSP was found to exhibit less dependence on these four factors than previously reported.

SUBMITTER: Krug JD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7001320 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Revisiting the size selective performance of EPA's high-volume total suspended particulate matter (Hi-Vol TSP) sampler.

Krug Jonathan D JD Dart Andrew A Witherspoon Carlton L CL Gilberry Jerome J Malloy Quentin Q Kaushik Surender S Vanderpool Robert W RW

Aerosol science and technology : the journal of the American Association for Aerosol Research 20170401 7

Under the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for airborne lead, measurements are conducted by means of a high-volume total suspended particulate matter (Hi-Vol TSP) sampler. In the decade between 1973 and 1983, there were 12 publications that explored the sampling characteristics and effectiveness of the Hi-Vol TSP, yet there persists uncertainty regarding its performance. This article presents an overview of the existing literature on the performance of the Hi-Vol TSP, and identifies ...[more]

PMID: 32025079

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Project description:BackgroundEvidence from various epidemiological studies has shown an association between particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and diabetes mellitus. A prospective study from the United States reported that exposure to PM2.5 alters endothelial function, and leads to insulin resistance and reduction in peripheral glucose uptake. There is a paucity of data on the relation between air pollution and diabetes in low- and middle-income countries.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among people living in areas with higher exposures of suspended PM2.5 compared to people living in areas with lower exposures in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in two areas of Chennai city. The PM2.5 affecting vulnerable areas were stratified from a list of air quality monitoring stations in Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board and Central Pollution Control Board. The highest and lowest areas of exposure were selected from the list. Households were randomly selected for the study. A total of 201 (67 male, 134 female) individuals from a high exposure area (HEA) and 209 (76 male 133 female) individuals from a low exposure area (LEA) were recruited for the study. Adults over 18 years of age were screened for random capillary blood glucose (RCBG) by glucometer (OneTouch Ultra).ResultsThe prevalence of diabetes (34.8% vs 19.6% p =0.001) was 77.5% higher among people living in areas of high particulate matter exposure compared to people living in less exposed areas. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, residential area, and family history of diabetes were significantly associated with the prevalence of diabetes (p<0.05).ConclusionsThe present study indicates a link between high levels of exposure to PM2.5 and diabetes mellitus. Further prospective studies on populations exposed to elevated pollution are needed to establish whether this association has a causative link.Participant consentObtained.Ethics approvalThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Prof. M Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre, Chennai, India.Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing financial interests.

Project description:BackgroundIn the river system, the geochemistry of rare earth elements (REEs, a series of elements from La to Lu) in suspended particulate matter (SPM) is generally controlled by rock weathering processes and hydrochemical characteristics, as well as being affected by anthropogenic activities. However, the variations of geochemical characteristics and behaviors of REEs in SPM with a salinity gradient from the inland river to the estuary have been short of a systematic understanding.MethodsThe REE concentrations, Post Archean Australia Shale (PAAS)-normalized REE, La/Yb, La/Sm, and Sm/Yb ratios of SPM were investigated in the Jiulongjiang River, which is a coastal river mainly flowing through granite rocks in Southeast China. The correlation relationships between physicochemical parameters (including water pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), HCO3 - concentrations, and the concentrations of major elements of SPM) and PAAS-normalized REE ratios of SPM were analyzed to determine the factors that affect the REE concentration and fractionation of SPM in the different regions of Jiulongjiang River, including the main stream and tributary of Beixi River, Xixi River, Nanxi River, and estuary. Additionally, the Ce, Eu, and Gd anomalies of SPM were estimated.ResultsThe average ∑REE concentration of SPM (352 mg/kg) in the granite rock basin was twice higher than the mean value (175 mg/kg) of the world's rivers. The PAAS-normalized REE ratios of SPM in the main rivers including Beixi River (main stream), Xixi River, and Nanxi River were near due to the same lithologic distribution. In the tributary of Beixi River, the input of low-weathered carbonate minerals which contain very few REE caused the lower REE concentrations of SPM. The PAAS-normalized REE ratios of SPM in the estuary were significantly lower than those in the main rivers, which was mainly attributed to the significant REE removal with the increment of salinity. The enrichment of LREE relative to HREE in SPM increased with decreasing water pH in the main rivers. In the estuary, the preferential removal of dissolved LREE occurred compared to HREE with the increment of salinity. The negative Ce and Eu anomalies of SPM occurred in both the main rivers and estuary region and rare Gd pollution was present in the basin. Additionally, human activities caused the increment of REE concentrations and more negative Ce anomaly at some specific sites, such as dam effect and agricultural pollution.ConclusionsThe REE concentrations and fractionations of SPM in river water mainly depend on lithologic distribution and riverine pH, while they are affected by salinity in the estuary.

Dataset Information

Revisiting the size selective performance of EPA's high-volume total suspended particulate matter (Hi-Vol TSP) sampler.

Publications

Revisiting the size selective performance of EPA's high-volume total suspended particulate matter (Hi-Vol TSP) sampler.

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