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Block-And-Lock Strategies to Cure HIV Infection.

ABSTRACT: Today HIV infection cannot be cured due to the presence of a reservoir of latently infected cells inducing a viral rebound upon treatment interruption. Hence, the latent reservoir is considered as the major barrier for an HIV cure. So far, efforts to completely eradicate the reservoir via a shock-and-kill approach have proven difficult and unsuccessful. Therefore, more research has been done recently on an alternative block-and-lock functional cure strategy. In contrast to the shock-and-kill strategy that aims to eradicate the entire reservoir, block-and-lock aims to permanently silence all proviruses, even after treatment interruption. HIV silencing can be achieved by targeting different factors of the transcription machinery. In this review, we first describe the underlying mechanisms of HIV transcription and silencing. Next, we give an overview of the different block-and-lock strategies under investigation.

SUBMITTER: Vansant G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7019976 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Block-And-Lock Strategies to Cure HIV Infection.

Vansant Gerlinde G Bruggemans Anne A Janssens Julie J Debyser Zeger Z

Viruses 20200110 1

Today HIV infection cannot be cured due to the presence of a reservoir of latently infected cells inducing a viral rebound upon treatment interruption. Hence, the latent reservoir is considered as the major barrier for an HIV cure. So far, efforts to completely eradicate the reservoir via a shock-and-kill approach have proven difficult and unsuccessful. Therefore, more research has been done recently on an alternative block-and-lock functional cure strategy. In contrast to the shock-and-kill str ...[more]

PMID: 31936859

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Project description:The goal of this study was to investigate transcriptome remodeling induced by treatment with a camptothetin analog, Topotecan (TPT), of a primary T cell model of HIV latency. The study aimed to determine whether TPT has a global inhibitory effect on gene expression in primary CD4+ T cells, and identify mechanisms of action of this drug as an HIV “block and lock” agent. Methods: CD4+ T cells were isolated from blood of HIV seronegative study participants (N=3) and utilized to generate an in vitro model of latent HIV infection (model developed in the Spina laboratory and previously described by Spina et al., 2013 and Soto et al., 2022). Following generation of the model, cells were treated with 10 uM Topotecan or its solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 24 hours. Cells were lyzed with RLT buffer containing beta-mercaptoethanol from a RNeasy micro kit (Qiagen, Inc. cat # 74004). ERCC spikes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) were added to cell lysates based on cell number in each sample (10 ul of 1:800 dilution per million cells). RNA was extracted and subjected to deep sequencing at the Institute for Genomics Medicine (IGM) Genomics Center at the University of California San Diego. Filtering low quality reads and removal of the 3’ adapter sequences were performed using the Trim Galore tool. Reads were mapped to the human genome (build hg38) using HISAT2, and to HIV and ERCC references using bowtie. Mapped human reads were counted against the human GENCODE annotation (v37) using HT-Seq. ERCC counts were used to determine whether TPT had global inhibitory effect on transcription in primary CD4+ T cells. Because no such effect was observed, differential gene expression analysis was performed using library EdgeR in Bioconductor R without correction of expression based on ERCC spikes. Genes with false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected p-value less than 0.05 and an absolute fold change in TPT-treated samples compared to DMSO controls greater than 2, were considered significantly modulated by TPT. Pathway and gene ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) v2022q3. Pathways and GO terms with FDR-corrected p-value less than 0.05 were considered significantly enriched for differentially expressed genes. Results: An average of 19.7 million reads per sample were acquired and mapped to the human genome (build hg38). After applying filtering criteria, 9,678 human genes were identified with the HISAT2 and HTSeq workflow. Differential expression analysis was performed between TPT- and DMSO-treated samples using EdgeR. A total of 1,749 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with FDR p-value <0.05 and an absolute fold change greater than 2; of which 522 were up- and 1227 downregulated by TPT. Pathway and GO term enrichment analysis revealed that TPT interferes with gene transcription and cell signaling pathways (e.g. T cell receptor signaling, positive regulation of JNK cascade, regulation of actin cytoskeleton and positive regulation of GTPase activity were affected by TPT treatment). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that TPT induces multiple effects on transcriptome in primary CD4+ T cells. Some of these changes may represent direct and indirect mechanisms of action of TPT as an HIV “block and lock” agent.

Dataset Information

Block-And-Lock Strategies to Cure HIV Infection.

Publications

Block-And-Lock Strategies to Cure HIV Infection.

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